Water polo was introduced to China from Hongkong in the 1920s. At present, Canada, the Netherlands, the United States, Australia, Germany and other countries are doing well and are at a high level. China water polo team won the championship in the 8th, 9th and 10 Asian Games, and won the 9th place in the 23rd Olympic Games.
Because water polo is a team event in water, the competition is fierce, which requires athletes to have strong strength, speed, endurance and flexibility. In addition to the general swimming skills, athletes must also have good special skills, such as treading water, taking off, turning around, crawling with head up, starting quickly, stopping suddenly, changing direction and so on.
Water polo, as its name implies, is closely related to swimming. With the development of swimming, people feel that there are too few events and the competition is too monotonous, so they have the desire to develop a newer and more interesting water sport. During 1860, two kinds of informal competitions were popular in Britain. One is the duck catching competition: ducks are put into the water, and athletes catch ducks in the water. Whoever catches the duck first wins. This competition was condemned by public opinion for killing animals and was forced to stop. In the second race, people put apple barrels on the wooden horse's head and mark the names of famous horse races on the racecourse. They threw buckets into the water, and people rode on buckets, holding long-handled spoons and hitting the ball with them. At that time, in some parts of England, children kicked football into the water and threw it around. It was just a game at first, and then the competition between the two teams gradually formed.
In order to meet the needs of the game, a rule is needed to control this water polo game. On May 1870, the London Swimming Association appointed a committee to draft the rules. At that time, in some parts of Scotland and England, water splashing games with goals were very popular, but the names of different places were different. Some people call this water game water football, some people call it water handball, and some people call it water polo. Although the name is different, the way of competition is basically the same. There is a goal with different width at each end of the court. You can also use the boat parked at both ends of the field as the goal and throw the ball into the goal or the boat to calculate the score. Allowing the ball to enter the water, the goalkeeper can defend in the goal or jump out to catch the attacker's hand trying to put the ball into the goal; If the goal is off, you can also add a goalkeeper.
On July 1876 and 14, it was considered that the first official water polo competition was held by the Prime Minister Boating Club of Bonnatz, England. The playing field is 60 yards long (0.9 144 meters) and 40 yards wide. There is a referee and two gatekeepers in the competition, and each team has 7 players. The ball used in the game is a rubber football bag. In the same year, Aberdeen Club of Scotland drafted and formulated the competition rules. At that time, the rules allowed players to walk at the bottom of the pool. Therefore, the choice of striker is not based on excellent swimming skills, but on being tall and powerful. 1885, the British National Amateur Swimming Association officially recognized water polo as an independent event. Water polo was first introduced to the United States in 1890, and then gradually spread widely in Germany, Austria, Hungary and other countries. 1900 in the second Olympic Games, water polo was included in the official competition. The water polo world championship will be held from 1973, and the water polo world cup will be held from 1979. (
Water polo field
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Usually, the standard 50-meter swimming pool is used in water polo competition, and the water depth is more than 2 meters, which means that athletes should always swim or tread water during the competition. The competition area is marked with floating ropes.
The men's court is 30m× 20m and the women's court is 25m× 17m. Colored buoys mark the various signs of the competition area. White buoys mark the goal line and the center line. The red buoy marks two meters in front of the goal of both sides, the yellow buoy marks four meters and the green buoy marks seven meters. The red restricted area is located at both ends of the swimming pool, behind the goal line, about two meters away from the corner of the swimming pool facing the competition officials' seats. When a player enters the area, it means that the player has left the competition area, and the fined player waits for the signal to re-enter the competition in the restricted area. The water polo goal is 2 meters wide and 90 centimeters high, floating on the water.
match
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In water polo competition, there are 7 players in each team, including goalkeeper 1. The game lasts for 28 minutes and is divided into four quarters, each of which lasts for 7 minutes, and the ball stops. Take a 2-minute break between two festivals and exchange venues at the same time. There are 6 substitutes off the field, and either side can be replaced before each score or before the start of the game. No one can touch the ball with both hands except the goalkeeper. The standard field for men's water polo is located in an artificial swimming pool, with a length of 30m, a width of 20m and a water depth of over 1.80m; for women's water polo field, the length is 25m, the width is 17m and the depth is at least1.80m.. There is a goal 90cm high and 3m wide at each end. Set up a small flag on the sideline of the playing field. The red flag indicates the penalty line in the offside area (2 meters away from the goal), and the yellow flag indicates the penalty line with different penalty scales for the same foul (4 meters away from the goal). A white flag parallel to the goal indicates the finish line. The white flag in midfield indicates the center line. Athletes' hats must be blue and white to distinguish the two sides of the competition. There is a number L- 13 on the hat. Both goalkeepers wear a red hat with the number 1, and the number of other players is 3- 13. Ear protectors are attached to the hat to prevent ear injuries. The referee not only used whistles, but also held blue and white flags to show both sides of the game. The water polo door frame is painted white. The height is 0.9 meters above the water surface and the width is 3 meters. The perimeter of the game ball is 68-7 1 cm, the middle is inflated, and the weight is 400-450g.
In the game, the ball crosses the goal line to score. After scoring, both players should return to their own half, and the losing player kicks off in the center of the center line. During the game, one side should not hold the ball for more than 35 seconds.
Water polo foul can be divided into general foul and serious foul. Generally, the opponent fouls with a free kick; The penalties for serious fouls are:
1. Remember 1 Serious personal foul (those who commit serious fouls for more than 3 times will be disqualified from the whole game). Will not be sentenced to leave the game when attacking, will be sentenced to lose the ball, and will be sent off for 35 seconds when defending;
2. Penalty four direct free kicks;
3. Cancel the qualification of the whole game (you can substitute);
4. disqualify the whole game (no substitute).
Men's water polo was listed as an event in the second Olympic Games in 1900. Women's water polo was listed as an event in the 27th Olympic Games in 2000.
1.80m above
In water polo competition, there are 7 players in each team, including goalkeeper 1. The game lasts for 28 minutes and is divided into four quarters, each of which lasts for 7 minutes, and the ball stops. Take a 2-minute break between two festivals and exchange venues at the same time. There are 6 substitutes off the field, and either side can be replaced before each score or before the start of the game. No one can touch the ball with both hands except the goalkeeper. The standard field for men's water polo is 30m long and 20m wide, and the water depth is over1.80m.. The standard women's water polo court is 25m long,17m wide and at least1.80m deep. There is a goal 90cm high and 3m wide at each end. Insert a small flag on the sideline of the playing field. The red flag indicates the penalty line in the offside area (2 meters away from the goal), and the yellow flag indicates the penalty line with different penalty scales for the same foul (4 meters away from the goal). A white flag parallel to the goal indicates the finish line. The white flag in midfield indicates the center line. Athletes' hats must be blue and white to distinguish the two sides of the competition. There is a number 1- 13 on the hat, and both goalkeepers are wearing red hats of 1. The referee not only used whistles, but also held blue and white flags to show both sides of the game. The perimeter of the game ball is 68-7 1 cm, the middle is inflated, and the weight is 400-450g.
In the game, the score is that the ball crosses the goal line. After scoring, both players should return to their own half, and the losing player kicks off in the center of the center line. During the game, one side should not hold the ball for more than 35 seconds. Water polo foul can be divided into general foul and serious foul. Generally, the opponent fouls with a free kick; The penalties for serious foul are: 1. Remember that 1 individual commits a serious foul (those who commit three serious fouls will be disqualified for the whole game). When attacking, the opponent will be punished for losing the ball and not leaving the field, and when defending, he will be punished for 35 seconds; 2. Penalty four direct free kicks; 3. Cancel the qualification of the whole game (you can substitute); 4. disqualify the whole game (no substitute).
The earth is also called water polo by human beings, and human beings should cherish water because there is a lack of fresh water on water polo. Although our earth home is called "water polo", more than 70% of its surface area is covered by water, most of which are seawater, glaciers and deep groundwater that are still difficult for human beings to use, and only 0.3% of fresh water can participate in the water cycle.
Key points of water polo competition rules
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Participate in the competition
According to FINA's rules, the participating teams are determined according to the relevant competition results and the host team. The number of people in each team is 13.
race
The water polo match is played between two teams, each with seven players. During the competition, players are not allowed to touch the wall or bottom of the pool, and can only swim or tread on water constantly. The competition is divided into four sections, and the actual competition time is 8 minutes. 1 and 2, 3 and 4 players have a 2-minute break; There is a five-minute break between the second and third periods. However, due to frequent violations or fouls in the game, the game is often interrupted. Usually a game lasts 65 to 70 minutes.
Men's water polo competition
Men's water polo competition includes preliminaries, 1/4 finals, semi-finals and finals. After the qualifying round, the whole water polo competition sequence will be drawn before the preliminary round.
Preliminaries: 12 teams are divided into group A and group B, with 6 teams in each group. Single-cycle elimination system was adopted in the preliminary round.
1/4 finals: the top three in each group entered the finals, and the last three participated in the comfort match. The teams ranked first and fourth in the group can directly enter the next round of competition; The second and third teams of the two groups compete in cross-group competitions; The fifth and sixth place in the two groups also had a cross-group competition.
Semi-final: the fifth and sixth losers in the two groups cross the competition to decide the eleventh and twelfth. The fourth place in the two groups competed with the five or six cross-country champions in the two groups respectively. The first place of the two groups competed with the winners of the second and third cross competitions of the two groups respectively.
Finals: The fourth place of the two teams and the winners of the fifth and sixth places of the two teams compete to decide the ninth and tenth places; The fourth place of the two teams and the winners of the fifth and sixth places of the two teams compete with each other to decide the seventh and eighth places; The second and third losers of the two teams competed with each other to decide the fifth and sixth place; The first place of the two teams competed with each other.
Women's water polo competition
The women's water polo competition includes preliminaries, 1/4 finals, semi-finals and finals. After the Olympic women's water polo qualifying tournament, lots will be drawn for the Olympic women's water polo competition.
Preliminaries: Eight teams are divided into Group A and Group B, with four teams in each group. The preliminary round adopts the single elimination system.
1/4 finals: The first place in Group A and Group B will automatically enter the semi-finals. The team that finished fourth in the two groups will have a match to decide the seventh and eighth places.
Semi-final: the second and third losers in two cross-group competitions will compete to decide the fifth and sixth place; The winner will meet the first team in the preliminaries.
Final: The loser of the semi-final will have a match to decide the third and fourth place, and the winner of the semi-final will decide the final champion and runner-up. (Source: Beijing Sport University Press)
Water polo etiquette
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Cheer for the athletes with applause and shouts (Figure)
Source: Unknown Entry Time: 08-05-2 1 09:36: 15 When it comes to water polo, most China audiences often classify it as an "unpopular" event. Indeed, the sport of water polo is not popular in China, and some high-level water polo competitions in China often have few spectators. In fact, water polo, also known as "water football", is as exciting and intense as a football match on the court. In the Olympic Games, water polo is not only a very high attendance event, but also highly sought after in Europe and America. In the United States, water polo is more popular than football; In Sweden, Norway and Denmark, water polo is even called "the first sport".
"Whether it is the Athens Olympic Games or the Sydney Olympic Games, the water polo match is full, and one ticket is hard to find. The atmosphere at the scene was so hot that even the referee's whistle was almost drowned. " Cao Dunli, a senior water polo referee and a professor of physical education at Communication University of China, surprised the reporter. "In some coastal cities in southern China, water polo is also very popular. I still remember that in 2005, in the water polo competition of the 10th National Games held in Guangxi, spectators even walked into the swimming pool with 1 1 to cheer for their favorite team. With every wonderful goal and fierce competition of athletes from both sides, there will be a burst of loud gongs and drums and shouts at the scene. Under the influence of this warm atmosphere, the athletes of both sides are particularly energetic, and the competition is very exciting and beautiful. " Professor Cao Dunli told reporters that this was the best game he had ever hosted.
Different from tennis, golf and other sports, when watching a water polo match, the audience should be as enthusiastic and active as possible instead of keeping quiet. "This is because water polo can be called one of the most tiring events in sports," Professor Cao explained. "The water polo competition is divided into four segments, each segment is 8 minutes. During these eight minutes, athletes must not touch the bottom of the swimming pool and the edge of the pool wall. This means that each athlete has to swim more than 5 kilometers on average after a competition. Therefore, water polo players should not only have the endurance and speed of swimmers, but also have the passing and shooting skills of football players and even the strength of rugby players. Taking the ball, grabbing the ball, wrestling and other actions are all carried out in the water, which greatly increases the difficulty of this sport and puts high demands on the athletes' physical strength and endurance. " "If the audience can devote themselves to watching the game, shouting loudly and beating drums when the athletes break through the attack will undoubtedly greatly stimulate their fighting spirit and make them forget their physical fatigue for a while, continue to fight and March forward. Therefore, for water polo players, warm applause and loud gongs and drums are the best ways to encourage them. "
The audience who watched the water polo match will find that the rules of the water polo match are similar to those of football, basketball and handball, but there are also some differences. For example, in water polo, when the attacking player has the ball in his hand, the defending player can press the ball into the water in order to grab the ball. Knowing this rule, the audience will not exclaim "foul" when they see such defensive actions again. In recent years, in order to further improve the appreciation of water polo, FINA revised the rules of water polo in 2005. Professor Cao, who participated in the revision, told reporters that in the past water polo competitions, strong teams often defeated weak teams. In order to change this "one-sided" situation, the new regulations limit the attacker's shooting time. Each shot must be completed within 30 seconds. If the attacker doesn't make a move within 30 seconds, the other side will serve or throw a sideline ball, and his own side will start to defend. These new regulations have played a certain regulatory role in narrowing the gap between the two teams and increasing the intensity of the game.