Guevara in his early years
The date is 1928 June 14, but it is believed that he was actually born in May of 14. His birth certificate was deliberately modified to cover up the fact that his mother was pregnant when she got married. Guevara's father, Ernesto Guevara Lynch, has lived in Argentina for 12 generations, which is a prestigious family. His ancestor Patrick Lynch1715 was born in Ireland, and later came to Argentina by the Spanish. /kloc-at the end of 0/8, he became the governor of parana river. His mother's family celia de la sellner Lue Sa has lived in Argentina for seven generations and is also a noble family. The ancestor Yue Se de la sellner was the last Spanish governor of Peru. Guevara's parents 1927 get married. Guevara's father wrote in his biography My Son's Car: "One morning in May (note: 1930), the cold wind roared, and my wife took our little Ernesto swimming. Go to the club to meet them at noon and prepare to have lunch with them. At this time, I found the child shivering with cold in a wet bathing suit. Celia is still swimming. She is not an experienced mother, and she doesn't realize that it is winter and how dangerous the weather changes are for such a fragile child. " Guevara suffered from severe asthma. Influenced by this upper-class family with a certain left-wing ideology (especially menstruation, an Argentine party member), Guevara was very enthusiastic about politics since he was a child. Although suffering from asthma, Guevara loves sports very much. 1948 entered the university of Buenos Aires to study medicine, and successfully completed his studies in March 1953. Edit this trip
When he was a student, Guevara often used holidays to travel around Latin America. During the summer holidays from 1950 to 1 and February, he traveled to 12 province in northern Argentina, with a journey of more than 4,000 kilometers. 195 1 year, at the suggestion of his good friend Alberto Granado (Spanish: Alberto Granado), he decided to quit school and travel around South America 1. Their vehicle is a 1939 Norton motorcycle. They set out at 195 1 12/29 and decided to cross south America along the Andes, passing through Argentina, Chile, Peru and Colombia, and reach Venezuela. Their motorcycle broke down in the middle of the road. Guevara also volunteered in a leprosy village in Peru for several months. During this trip, Guevara began to truly understand the poverty and suffering in Latin America, and his internationalism gradually took shape during this trip. He began to think that the independent countries in Latin America are actually a whole with the same cultural and economic interests, and if there is a revolution, international cooperation is needed. Eight months after he left home,1September, 952, Guevara flew back to Argentina and the whole family met him at the airport. In one of his diaries at this time, he wrote: "The people who wrote these diaries died when they set foot on the land of Argentina again. I am not me anymore. " The diary written by Guevara during this trip was later published as a book. Accordingly, the film motorcycle diaries was filmed in Hollywood in 2004. Guevara began to study hard. June 1953, officially graduated from medical college. He could have been a respected doctor, but this trip completely changed Guevara. Edit this paragraph and set foot in Guatemala.
Because of the dictatorship of Peron government in Argentina at that time, Guevara's mother was worried that her son would be recruited as a military doctor and asked him to flee Argentina. 1On July 7, 953, Guevara began his second trip to Latin America. After the Bolivian revolution, Guevara moved from Ecuador to Guatemala. When passing through Costa Rica, Guevara was deeply moved by the only democracy in Latin America at that time. 1953 65438+On February 24th, Guevara arrived in Guatemala. At that time, Guatemala, under the leadership of young left-wing President Alberts, was carrying out a series of reforms, especially the land reform, which was directed at the United Fruit Company of the United States. In Guatemala, he also has a famous nickname "Che". "Che" is an exclamation in Spanish, which is widely used in Argentina and parts of South America. It is a common language for people to say hello and express surprise, similar to "hello" and "oh" in Chinese. 1on March 28th, 954, the CIA set up a mercenary in Honduras, led by Guatemalan officer Amaz. The Abens regime was quickly overthrown, Amaz became the president of Guatemala and began to brutally suppress the left. Within a few months, about 9000 people were arrested or killed. Since then, Guevara has strengthened his belief in productism, which he believes is the only way to solve the current predicament in Latin America. Later, he took refuge in Mexico, where he met Fidel Castro. Edit this passage of the Cuban revolution
1955, Guevara and Castro met in Mexico City, when the Castro brothers were preparing to return to Cuba for an armed struggle to overthrow Batista's dictatorship. Guevara soon joined the military organization "July 26th Movement" organized by Castro (named after the date of a failed revolution: Moncada Incident). 1956165438+1On October 25th, 82 soldiers of the July 26th Movement boarded the small yacht Granma, and set out for Cuba from Tuxtapon, Veracruz, Mexico. 1956, 12 On February 2, two days later than planned, they landed in a swamp in Orientale Province in southern Cuba and were attacked by Batista's army. Only 12 people survived the attack. As a doctor in the army, Guevara carried a bullet box in a battle. At that time, one was a medicine box and the other was a bullet box. From this moment on, Guevara completely changed from a doctor to a soldier. The remaining guerrilla fighters settled in Maestra mountain area and gradually expanded the revolutionary ranks, gaining the support of some farmers and workers. In the battle, Guevara's superhuman courage and perseverance, superb fighting skills and ruthlessness towards the enemy won the support of more and more people, including Castro's appreciation. He soon became Castro's most effective and trusted assistant. By the beginning of 1958, there were about 280 guerrillas. After a series of battles, by February 27th, 19, the revolutionary army had 8,000 square kilometers of land and 500,000 people. 1959 65438+1On October 2nd, the revolutionary army successfully occupied Havana, the capital of Cuba, and Batista fled. This experience was written by Guevara in Memories of Cuban Revolutionary War (Spanish: Pasajes de la Guerra Revolucionaria) published in 1963. Edit this paragraph and become a senior government official.
After the war, the new Cuban government was established, and Guevara obtained the status of "Cuban citizen". 1959 On May 22nd, Guevara divorced his first Peruvian wife Hilda Gaddia, and their only daughter was raised by Guevara. In June, Guevara married Aleida March, who participated in the Cuban Revolution and shared his interests. After that, they had four children. First of all, Guevara was appointed as the chief procurator of Fort cavagna Military Prison, responsible for eliminating the war criminals (mainly politicians and policemen) in Batista era. According to some data, Guevara executed 156 people, but it is generally believed that the number may be as high as 600. 1959 10, Guevara, who didn't understand economics, was appointed as the governor of the National Bank, and began to carry out socialist transformation of Cuba's economic system, nationalize enterprises and implement land reform. 196 1 year, Guevara was appointed Minister of Industry. Guevara helped Castro establish the socialist system in Cuba. After Cuba was blocked by the American economy, Guevara signed a trade agreement with the Soviet Union. During this period, he also gradually became famous in the west because of his tough attitude towards the United States. During the Cuban missile crisis, he was a member of the Cuban delegation to Moscow for negotiations in 1962, and finally signed the Soviet Union's plan to deploy nuclear weapons in Cuba. Guevara believes that the installation of Soviet missiles will defend Cuba's independence and protect Cuba from American aggression. 196419 In February, Guevara represented Cuba at the19 United Nations General Assembly, and then visited eight African countries including Algeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and People's Republic of China (PRC). When Kloc-0/965 returned to Cuba in March, his differences with Castro on issues such as relations with the Soviet Union and assistance to the Third World Revolution became increasingly serious. Soon, he resigned. On April 1, he left Cuba for Congo by plane. During his tenure as a senior official in Cuba, Guevara resisted bureaucracy, lived frugally and refused to raise his salary. He has never been to nightclubs, cinemas or beaches. Once I was a guest at the home of an official in the Soviet Union. When the official took out extremely expensive porcelain tableware to entertain Guevara, Guevara said to his host, "It's ironic, how can a bumpkin like me have such advanced tableware?" At the same time, Guevara also actively participated in voluntary labor on weekends, such as working in sugar cane fields or factories. Edit this paragraph and leave Congo.
1On April 23rd, 965, Guevara crossed Lake Tanganyika from Tanzania and went to Congo. According to some data, in a secret meeting with Castro before, Guevara persuaded Castro to support the operation. At first, he got help from Laurent-Dé siré Kabila, the leader of the Congolese guerrillas at that time, but Guevara soon rejected his help, thinking it was completely meaningless and wrote: "Now nothing can make me believe that he is a man." Guevara taught guerrilla tactics to Congolese rebels. His plan is to use the liberated area on the west bank of Lake Tanganyika in Congo as a base to train the revolutionary armed forces of Congo and neighboring countries. At this time, Guevara was 37 years old and had no formal military training experience (his asthma saved him from military service in Argentina). Most of his combat experience came from the Cuban revolution. CIA personnel, together with Congolese government forces, are constantly monitoring the external communications of Guevara troops, so as to pre-empt and cut off their supply lines before Guevara guerrillas attack. What Guevara expected in this campaign was to instill Cuban revolutionary ideas and guerrilla tactics into the local Simba people and train them into a group of brave guerrillas. Afterwards, Guevara recalled in the Diary of Congo that the rabble organized by the local people was stupid, sloppy and had endless internal disputes, which was the main reason for the failure of the uprising. In the same year, after seven months of suffering in the African jungle, Guevara, who was in poor health, left Congo with his remaining Cuban comrades in frustration (six of them failed to leave alive). Guevara once considered sending injured soldiers back to Cuba and staying in the Congo jungle to fight until the last moment, setting an example for the revolution with his life. However, after several wanderings, Guevara could not stand the entreaties of his comrades and left Congo with them. Guevara, who left Congo, did not return to his familiar Cuba. In Castro's farewell letter, Guevara declared that he would sever all ties with Cuba and join revolutionary movements in other parts of the world. For this reason, Guevara felt morally wrong to return to Cuba. For the next six months, Guevara wandered very quietly in Dar es Salaam, Prague and East Germany. During this period, Guevara not only recorded his experiences in Congo, but also began to draft two books to discuss economics and philosophy. After knowing Guevara's backwardness, Castro urged his old comrades to return to Cuba. Guevara, on the other hand, made it clear that unless he wants to carry out revolutionary activities in Latin American countries, he will never set foot on this land again, and he will return to Cuba for preparatory work in absolute secrecy because of geographical convenience. Edit this paragraph and come to Bolivia.
From 1966 to 1967, Guevara began to lead guerrilla revolutionary activities in Bolivia. The local Bolivian industrialists gave the dense forest area to Guevara as a training area. Guevara and his Cuban companions also edited some guerrilla methods. Guevara's 50th Guerrilla named ELN (Ejé rcito de Liberatió n Nacional de Bolivia) has excellent equipment and early experience in fighting Bolivian regular troops in the steep mountainous areas of Camili. However, in September, the army tried to destroy the second guerrilla organization and killed one of its leaders. When Bolivian President René Barrientos learned of his existence, he threatened to kill Guevara. He ordered the Bolivian army to search for Guevara and his followers everywhere. Guevara, who hoped to provoke the revolution, misjudged Bolivia and later suffered a fiasco. He is only prepared to deal with the national military government and its poorly trained and equipped troops, but he does not care about the United States behind Bolivia. When the American government learned of his revolutionary activities, it quickly sent CIA personnel into Bolivia to help counter-revolutionaries. Thanks to the assistance of the United States, the Bolivian army was trained by the US Army's special forces consultants, including special teams organized to cope with the jungle war. However, Guevara did not receive the expected assistance from local separatists and Bolivia's production party in guerrilla warfare. At this time, two short-wave transmitters used to communicate with Cuba were damaged, which prevented him from sending messages to Havana, and the tape recorder used by guerrillas to decode short-wave messages from Havana was also lost when crossing the river, which made Guevara completely isolated from the world. Guevara's situation is very bad because of American military assistance to the Bolivian government and lack of allies. In addition, the CIA also helped Cuban exiles who opposed the Castro regime to set up interrogation rooms and tortured Bolivians who were thought to have helped Guevara. In order to find Guevara's supporters, almost 300 thousand people were persecuted politically. Edit this suffering
1967 10 In La Higra, Bolivia, a deserter of Guevara guerrillas revealed the camp of Guevara guerrillas to Bolivian special forces. 654381October 8, when a patrol led by Guevara was patrolling near Lahigula, special forces surrounded the camp and captured him. He surrendered after his leg was injured. There were several versions of the scene when he was arrested. It is said that during the conflict, several soldiers tried to get close to him, and he shouted, "Don't shoot! I am ernesto guevara, and my life is more valuable to you than death. " Another way of saying it is that his identity was unknown when he was captured. He was wearing a Rolex watch that he had just received when he was arrested. As soon as Barrientos knew he was arrested, he ordered his execution. Guevara was imprisoned in a dilapidated school building for one night. The next afternoon, he was shot dead by a Bolivian army sergeant who tied his hands to a board and smoked a short straw. Some people think that the sergeant shot Guevara in the face and throat. It is widely believed that he shot Guevara in the leg to make his face complete to prove his identity, and pretended to be a war wound to hide the fact that he was shot. He was executed by a sergeant of the government army (who later treated cataracts in Cuba's medical welfare system in 2007). He drank a little wine and entered the room. Guevara stood up in his chair. The sergeant ordered him to sit down, but ernesto guevara said, "I know you are going to kill me here. Shoot me! Coward, you want to kill a man! " The sergeant was a little angry and shot Guevara directly in the chest. In another version, before the execution, the executioner was afraid to shoot. Ernesto guevara said to him calmly, "shoot, coward, you just want to kill a man." His body was taken to the local hospital by helicopter and shown to the media. The photos taken at that time became a legend, and local nuns thought he looked like Jesus. After a military doctor cut off his hands, Bolivian army generals moved Guevara's body to a secret place and refused to say whether his body was buried or cremated.
The death of Guevara
Félix Rodríguez, the head of CIA agents searching for Guevara in Bolivia, heard the news of Guevara's capture and sent it back to the CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia. The main purpose of this practice is to make guerrillas give up their illusions. After the execution, Rodriguez also took Guevara's Rolex watch and several personal items, which were often proudly displayed in front of reporters in the days to come. Ernesto guevara1On the afternoon of October 91:10 The school building where the death penalty was executed was in La Shigella. Guerrillas were arrested and interrogated about Ré gis Debray, a young French Marxist theorist and writer and close friend of Castro. 1in April, 967, government forces captured Debray and accused him of cooperating with guerrillas. Debray claimed that he was just a reporter, and revealed that Che's mysterious disappearance in his early years was leading guerrillas. Bolivia began the trial of Debray in early October of 10/0, which became an international event at that time. According to official sources, Guevara was killed on June 9th 1 1. 10 On June 5438+05, Castro announced that Cuba would mourn for three days. Ernesto guevara's death is considered to have greatly inspired the socialist revolutionary movement to spread to Latin America and other third world countries.