The architecture of Confucius Temple has the architectural style of Qing Dynasty and the characteristics of Confucius Temple in Qufu. They are mainly composed of Confucius Temple, Gong Xue and Gong Yuan. The temple covers an area of more than 20,000 square meters, surrounded by yellow walls, with gates and corner pavilions.
The whole group of buildings are symmetrically arranged in strict accordance with the central axis, with Dacheng Hall as the center and Zhaobi to Weishan as the central axis. The building complex consists of Dazhao Wall, Chi Pan, Paifang, Kuixing Pavilion, Juxing Court, Lingxingmen, Dachengmen and Dacheng Hall.
The main entrance of the palace is built on a high platform and is huge; In the main entrance, statues of eight saints, Confucius and Mencius, two steles and the central temple courtyard are arranged along the longitudinal axis, forming a well-defined deep space.
Confucius Temple was expanded from the former site of Gong Xue in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In ancient times, Confucius Temple was one of the contents of offering sacrifices to emperors. The characteristic of Confucius Temple is that it is attached to learning, and integrated with Chinese studies, official studies and county studies. The location of the temple is either in front of Gong Xue or on one side.
Nanjing Confucius Temple is the layout of the former temple and the later school. In ancient times, Confucius Temple had a certain layout. Generally, there are zhaobi, Lingxing Gate and East and West archways in front of the temple, and there is a semi-circular pool in front of the Lingxing Gate, which is called "Chi Pan".
The Dazhao Wall of Confucius Temple is located on the south bank of Qinhuai River, built in 1575, with a total length of 1 10 m and a height of 10 m.. It is red and magnificent. The zhaobi wall is a typical standard zhaobi in Ming and Qing dynasties, with small cylindrical tiles on the top, hickeys on the ridge and small corners.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, zhaobi and memorial archways were often built outside the main entrance of temples and big yamen. As a prelude to the whole building complex, they played a role in covering and decorating, giving people a sense of grandeur.
The shape of Confucius Temple in Chi Pan is unique. To the north of the bank is a stone fence, all carved in stone, built in 15 14. The square columns of the stone fence are arranged in rows, decorated with jade patterns, and the middle of the fence wall is carved into jade-shaped empty flower windows.
The pan pool is crescent-shaped, so it is also called "crescent pool", with a length and width of about 60 meters. It connects Wende Bridge on the right and Wenyuan Bridge on the left. The shadow of the bridge fell into the water, like two rainbows floating across a stream. Qinhuai River spans Chi Pan.
Kuixing Pavilion, also known as "Wenxing Pavilion", is one of the famous monuments in the ancient buildings of Confucius Temple, located in the east of Chi Pan. The imperial examination era is a symbol of scholars winning the championship, which is very prestigious.
Kuixing Pavilion was built in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, rebuilt in Daoguang period, destroyed later and rebuilt in Tongzhi period.
There is a ghost statue in Kuixing Pavilion, with one foot tilted backwards, which looks like a hook with the word "Kui". A hand-held bucket symbolizes the small bucket in the word "kui"; Holding a pen in one hand is like a dot, which means that you have been promoted. This is the legendary "Kuixing Diandou".
In the imperial examination era, it was said that the struggle between Kuixing was a symbol of literary prosperity, so he took the word "Kui" and shaped such a ghostly statue in the pavilion. Scholars in the Qing Dynasty paid homage to this statue of Kuixing. Before the autumn exam, worshippers came in an endless stream.
Lingxingmen consists of three single-room stone archways. The walls between the stone squares are inlaid with the relief of peony patterns, and the cross lintel of the middle stone square is engraved with the three Chinese characters of "Lingxingmen", which is simple and unpretentious.
There stands a tall archway in front of Ling Xing near the water, with a width of18m. On the top of the square is a sky tower, a bucket arch and a blue tile ridge. The square column is red and purple, and the square forehead is green and the gold word "the literary pivot of the world" is written in gold. The archway is magnificent. Built in 1586, it was destroyed.
Located to the west of Xingxingmen is Juxing Court, an ancient pavilion with eight sides and two floors, with double eaves and six corners. To the east of Lingxingmen is Lesiting Pavilion, which was later demolished.
Behind Xingxingmen is the main entrance of Confucius Temple, Dachengmen. Dachengmen is the guardian door of Dacheng Hall. Dachengmen is located on a rectangular limestone platform with upper and lower steps. In front of and behind the door, there are brown four-eaved columns, two Huangshan walls, and scarlet beams carved with Ming-style flowers.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were five Dacheng doors, with rooms for deacons to rest on both sides and three in the middle, in which halberds were displayed, drums in the east and Qin in the west. During Wang Shuo's pilgrimage and the Spring and Autumn Festival, local officials entered through Dachengmen, and scholars and deacons also took the side door.
Dachengmen's roof has double eaves and rests on the top of the mountain. Cylindrical tiles press the ridge, the cornices of the bucket arch, the corners are tender and dizzy, and the roof is covered with all kinds of carved flowers, which looks magnificent and magnificent.
There are four stone monuments around Dachengmen, which are "Confucius' Monument for Courtesy" carved in 484. Engraved in 1330 and 1332, Qing Ji Confucius Temple Monument, Fengzhi Fu Sheng Monument and Fengsi Monument.
The main hall of the original Confucius Temple was Dacheng Hall, with a height of 16m, a width of 28m and a depth of 21m.. Double eaves rest at the top of the mountain. In the center of the hall is the tablet of Confucius, the Great Sage.
There is a spacious terrace in front of the main hall, surrounded by stone fences. There is a cloister connecting the two sides in front of the temple, which is a place where seventy-two sages of Confucius and scholars of past dynasties are enshrined and sacrificial vessels are stored.
Dacheng Hall has yellow glazed tiles, arch cornices, red walls and columns, and a ceiling caisson in the hall, depicting cranes and beautifully carved.
Gong Xue is located behind Dacheng Hall, which was built in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Between the wall of Confucius Temple and Gong Xue, there is a spacious tunnel in the east, west, north and south, in which the East Tunnel is the main entrance of Gong Xue. There is a black Gong Xue plaque in front of the door, and there is a tall archway outside the door, which reads "Jiangnan No.1 School".
On the front and back of the memorial archway, the names of the top scholars, top scholars and flower-exploring artists in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the south of the Yangtze River are recorded, and wooden fences are also placed around them.
Gong Xue is composed of courtyard buildings such as Mingdetang, Zunjing Pavilion, Qingyun Building and Chongsheng Temple. Mingdetang, which faces south, is the main building of Gong Xue and is known as the "First School in Southeast China". During the imperial examination, the scholar came here every month to listen to the sermon.
Mingde Hall consists of a university student and a main hall. The 33-meter-long wings and corridors on both sides of the university are closed and isolated from the outside world. The whole building structure is simple and solemn.
The main hall covers an area of about 630 square meters. The roof is a rolled shed roof with no protruding corners. The lattice window of the sill door is elegant and generous, and there is a cloister under the eaves at the back. The porch roof is made up of porches.
Zunjing Pavilion was built in the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty after Mingdetang, with five rooms up and down. During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, Zunjing Academy was established here, where books were collected upstairs and lectures were given downstairs. To the east of Zunjing Pavilion are Shen Chong Temple and Qingyun Building, where Confucius' parents are enshrined.
Gong Yuan, located in the east of Gong Xue, was founded in 1 168. At that time, it was the place where the school exams in Jiankang County were held, and the scope was very small.
Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, established Jinling as the capital, and gathered here after the provincial examination. There are many candidates, so this place is not enough. During the reign of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty, the palace garden was rebuilt here and began to take shape.
It was rebuilt in Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty. During the Tongzhi period, it expanded again, with a larger scope.
Gongyuan starts from Yao Jia Lane in the east, Gongyuan East and Gong Yuan Street in the south, Gong Yuan West Street across the street from Confucius Temple in the west and Jiankang Road in the north. The whole Hiram's Hospital is square, with more than 20,000 rooms, one for each person, and each inspection can accommodate more than 20,000 people. The main entrance of Gong Yuan is between Yonghe Garden and Qinhuai Theatre.
There is a wooden archway in the street outside the door, that is, the East-West Yuanmen. There are a pair of stone lions and two stone archways outside the door, and there are three doors on the central axis, which are called "Gong Yuan", "Kaitianyun" and "Longmen" respectively.
Behind the Longmen are Mingyuan Building, Zhigongtang and Jieshentang in turn. There is a door behind the hall, and there is a flying Hongqiao behind the door. Finally, Hengjiantang is the place where examiners mark papers and evaluate rankings. The whole Hiram's Hospital is surrounded by high walls. Outside the walls are streets, and on the other side of the streets are shops and houses.
Mingyuan Building was built in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty and rebuilt in Qing Dynasty. It is a plane square three-story wooden building. There are walls around the ground floor, and there are circular arches on each side. Four eaves columns go straight from the ground floor to the top of the building, with staggered beams and columns and windows on all sides. Climb up and look around, and the whole Hiram's Hospital can be seen in a glance.
It is a place where examiners and deacons warn and give orders during exams.