First of all, it is about learning and applying the knowledge of San Xuan. Since the Han Dynasty, there have been people who specialize in Zhuangzi, Lao Zi and Yi in China, and slowly, a kind of metaphysical knowledge has emerged around San Xuan. $
What needs to be reminded here is that there have always been two Zhuangzi in the history of China. One is Zhuang Zhou, a Song countryman in the Warring States Period, who wrote the inner chapter of Zhuangzi that we are seeing now. Another Zhuangzi is Zhuang Zun, a Shu native in the late Western Han Dynasty, namely Yan Junping, who wrote The Tao Te Ching (also known as Lao Zi Gui Zhi). Moreover, according to Zhang Xingcheng's poem "Sir" in the Song Dynasty's "Huang Wu Wai Pian", there must be Zhuang Sheng's internal and external chapters in the Yangtze River. In this way, we know that foreign languages are also the collections of gentlemen and scholars. "We can know that the inside part of Zhuangzi we are seeing now was actually revised by Shao Yong according to Yang Xiong's theory, while the outside part of Zhuangzi was directly fabricated by Shao Yong according to Yang Xiong's theory. W9O
Second, it refers to the mixed knowledge of Taoism, Confucianism and San Xuan. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, due to the development and changes of society, the national cultural system of Dong Zhongshu's "exclusive respect for Confucianism" adopted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was crumbling. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, a large number of northern nationalities and Western Buddhism entered the Central Plains, which made China's self-contained "national studies" ("universities" headed by rites and music, archery and imperial examination education, and "primary schools" headed by books) also suffered great impacts. However, China's traditional culture has great vitality after all. Among the intellectual classes in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, some wise men mainly absorbed the knowledge of various schools with "San Xuan", thus forming a unique form of "metaphysics" knowledge and bringing it into the official educational knowledge system. For example, Shen Yue of the Liang Dynasty (441-513) recorded in Biography of River Merchants:13 years (AD 437) "Wang Yikang of Pengcheng wanted to take it, and Stuart left the long history as the yin of Danyang, but he was not allowed to go up, so he took Shang as the yin and settled in the south. It's called nanxue. " Xiao Zixian (489-537), a native of Liang Dynasty, wrote "Shu Qi Guan Bai Zhi", saying: "In the sixth year of Taishi (456-47 1), he abandoned Chinese studies and initially set up four subjects: metaphysics, Confucianism, literature and history. Each department has ten bachelor's degrees. " This is the earliest record that "Metaphysics" was formally incorporated into the official school.
Third, it refers to the epistemology of Shu learning and harmony. In the Tang Dynasty, the rulers saw the growing popularity of Buddhism from abroad, and for the sake of cultural balance, they always advocated Taoism and Taoist culture in China. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan, Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, personally edited The Legend of Tao Te Ching to publicize Lao Zi and his family to the officials and people. "In the twenty-ninth year of Kaiyuan, it began with the worship of Xuange in the capital. It is said that students who set roads are poor. " The "Taoju" mentioned here is the same title as "Mingjing, Jinshi and Tongsheng" in the imperial examination at that time. "Tianbao 13, Emperor Xuanzong's Royal Government Building, trying to pass the tomb code, Dong Xiao Xuan Jing, gorgeous rhetoric, outstanding military planning and so on." (Biography of Old Tang Yang Wan) Xuan Jing here refers to the theories of Lao Zi, Zhuang Zi, Yan Junping and Yang Xiong. It can be seen that, due to the official efforts of the Tang Dynasty, "Metaphysics" had a high status at that time, and such knowledge was formally included in the national imperial examination promotion procedure. P
In the history of China, there are many articles that annotate and interpret Yang Xiong's Tai Xuan. In the Tang Dynasty, Wang Ya's Shuo Xuan was his reading notes of Yang Xiong's Taixuan Jing. He wrote: "therefore, there are many explorations of metaphysics ... and the explanation ends with the first praise and is listed in the metaphysical examination." If it is similar, it is easy to know, then metaphysics will not work, but will work since the Enlightenment. " The "metaphysics" mentioned by Wang Ya here refers to the Taixuan Classic, and also refers to the knowledge state of people who study Taixuan when dissecting the metaphysics and analyzing the emblem. $'^2
To sum up, before the Qing Dynasty, the main texts of "metaphysics" mentioned by China people refer to Laozi, Zhuangzi and Yi, as well as the Tao Te Ching by Yan Junping and Tai Xuan and Fa Yan by Yang Xiong. According to such knowledge characteristics and knowledge route, the academic knowledge of the later research, application and development of these knowledge should also be regarded as "metaphysics". Therefore, the knowledge of Zheng Xuan, Zhang Heng, Wang Bi, Yan He, Guo Xiang, Xiao Peng, Chen Tuan, Tan Qiao, Zhou Dunyi, Shao Yong and Zhang Hangcheng after Yan Junping and Yang Xiong should also be regarded as "metaphysics". The Formation of China's Metaphysics and Its Knowledge Characteristics D The essence of science is discovery, and the task of science is to seek truth. The essence of technology is invention, and the task of technology is innovation. Seeking truth means that scientists can eliminate subjective and objective interference factors to the maximum extent and restore the research to the original state of motion to truly reflect it; Innovation means that technicians combine new technical forms according to the actual needs and scientific principles of various technologies. Science and technology are a basic interactive relationship. Scientific discovery and pursuit of truth need to continue to explore problems by means of technological invention and innovation, which fundamentally rely on the principles derived from scientific discovery and pursuit of truth to develop themselves. However, whether it is technological invention and innovation or scientific discovery seeking truth, it is essentially a process of self-knowledge, self-breakthrough and self-control of its own knowledge subjects while studying the changes in the external world. Therefore, cognitive science is the foundation of all science and technology. ? j； right
However, human cognitive science itself is not infinite, because human beings depend on nature for survival. Therefore, the harmony between man and nature is the premise and ultimate limit of human knowledge activities. Once human beings exceed this premise and limit, not only will human knowledge and behavior be disorderly, but they will naturally punish human beings mercilessly. In other words, the starting point and destination of correct human knowledge activities should be consistent and unique, that is, people should take the initiative to live in harmony and interact with nature. China's metaphysical knowledge system is such a knowledge system, which unifies the starting point and destination of human cognition and action at the same time, and is consistent in the harmony between man and nature. This is what Laozi's "Metaphysics of the same name" and "Taoism is natural" mean. Therefore, as early as Laozi's time, China wise men regarded "Xuan" as a harmonious state of knowledge and behavior between man and nature. u & gt/h
Before the Qing Dynasty, the words "Xuan" and "Yuan" were always common, so "Metaphysics" was actually "Metaphysics". In Xu Shen's Shuowen, "Xuan" has three meanings: deep, dark, red and return. "Yuan" has three meanings: "the beginning, the first and the right". Yang Xiong said, "The Xuanzhe is secluded from all things, but can't see the shape. Because of the nothingness of Tao, he rises to the meter and is determined by the gods. Ancient and modern, angry because of yin and yang. When a sentence is combined, heaven and earth are also prepared. I will go back online every day, be both rigid and flexible. Go back to its place, and it will eventually be solved. Once you die, your life is bright. Look up at the image, look down at the situation, observe and understand the essence of life, and see the original ending. Three musical instruments are the same theme, and the thickness is the same. It's stingy to be awkward. Shh is fluid, and reciting is suspicious. Therefore, the sky is called the universe, and the universe is called the universe. " (Taiyi) It can be seen that the metaphysics mentioned in the Han Dynasty and before the Han Dynasty is actually a knowledge that China wise men analyzed and summarized the unity and the same-cycle change law in the movement relations of the universe, the sun, the moon and the stars, the farming season and people's life, that is, the knowledge system of heaven, Taoism and people. ; /O|o
China's metaphysics came into being with the gradual formation of China's agricultural society, because the agricultural society, especially the water conservancy agricultural society, inevitably requires people to have a deep understanding of astronomical geography, animal and plant growth, division of labor calculation, human health care and so on. Slowly, the wise men in ancient China learned to understand the relationship between the world and people's own body and mind with a unified dialectical thinking method, and summed up simple and identical knowledge forms such as Yin and Yang, five elements and divination arrangement. The appearance of the Book of Changes marks that China has entered a knowledge form that uses mathematical models to express the unity of heaven, earth and human beings and the same law of periodic movement and change, which means that early metaphysical knowledge has been formed. C
However, it is scholars and scholars in Sichuan who really systematize metaphysics, because they have refined and unified Laozi's speculative achievements on the nature of the universe in China history and the thought of divination and number in The Book of Changes, and thus put forward the relationship between subject and object of human understanding for the first time in Tao Te Ching, which he is about to become "me". He also believes that because man is the product of heaven and earth and his spiritual self is dominated by Tao, he can know and control his own destiny, just as he said: "Morality is intangible, but Wang Wantian has it. Unintentional heart, save also. Heaven and earth do nothing, and all kinds of people follow. Carelessness, luck. From this point of view: a careless heart is the master of the heart; You can use it if you don't need it Why is it clear? Zhuangzi said: I am my own person, so I am embarrassed. I am still a person who is not a body. The reason why I am a person is to save myself. And I am so for me that there is God. God kept me because of Tao. " (The complete works of four books on moral orientation. Note: Zhuangzi here refers to Yan Junping. )XeeC
Yan Junping and Yang Xiong's ideas all came from Dujiangyan gravity irrigation area, which was the most developed irrigation area in China at that time. Yang Xiong accepted the academic thought that teacher Yan Junping put the subject of human knowledge at the center of human knowledge behavior. Therefore, the theoretical model of Tai Xuan created by him, although discussing the relationship between heaven and earth like Yi, is completely different from or even contrary to the ideological logic of Yi. However, from this point of view, Tai Xuan regards everything as a pattern of periodic movement and interaction, but human beings and their lives are the center of the universe, and he thinks that Qi connects the relationship between heaven and earth. He said: "The universe shows people's gods and the earth shows people's understanding. On the day of his death, God rested. One, two, and three were different generations, and they belonged to the nine districts. They finally joined together, and there was no corner up and down "("Tai Xuanxuan Yi ") s
Yang Xiong and Yan Junping's metaphysical knowledge system contains rich ideological resources, which is the epitome of various ideological and cultural achievements in ancient China. At the same time, they challenged the Book of Changes and the Confucian logic of respecting heaven and earth and people, and established a brand-new theoretical model centered on people and people's hearts, which liberated people's thoughts. It can be said that, through the creative work of Yan Junping and Yang Xiong, the "harmony between man and nature" has completely changed from an academic proposition to a systematic knowledge system of "harmony between heaven and earth", thus making metaphysics the basic knowledge of China and greatly influencing and changing the later civilization and cultural structure of China. If China people don't know about daily necessities, so do China's metaphysical knowledge system. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the appearance of Taoism in China, the knowledge form of Zen Buddhism, the ethereal and elegant art form of China characters, Qigong and Wushu were all deeply influenced by metaphysics. F\ci
The ancient metaphysics in China is divided into the so-called "Elephant School" and "Yi Li School". Elephant Mathematics School focuses on studying the relationship between heaven and earth and its essential laws from the perspectives of physics, biology and mathematics, while Yi Li School focuses on exploring the relationship between heaven and earth and its essential laws from the perspectives of abstract philosophical thinking, political ethics, literature and art. Therefore, although the knowledge of metaphysics scholars of Elephant Mathematics School and Yi Li School permeates and draws lessons from each other, their knowledge, however, has two basic similarities with the school of righteousness. One is that the texts of "metaphysics" used by these metaphysics scholars are the same, and the other is that they all have their own lives to practice in, that is, metaphysics scholars should develop and explore their own knowledge subject world, and then directly experience what they want to study with their own body, mind and "qi". The combination of reason and sensibility, and people-oriented dialectical cognition of subject and object are the major knowledge characteristics of China's metaphysics, which are also the characteristics that any other learning in the world does not have. kM_zK
The important academic feature of "metaphysics" is that it is a systematic knowledge, which studies the peaceful development and operation of human beings in heaven and earth and the laws of their internal ecosystems by means of astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics, agricultural water conservancy, the growth laws of animals and plants, music, laws and health preservation. Metaphysics in the history of China has the characteristics of "basic" knowledge, and its academic research resources come from all fields of human society. However, it generally does not involve specific political, economic, ethical and scientific issues, but focuses on the same operating law behind and in essence of these knowledge. Therefore, the academic achievements of "Metaphysics" cannot be directly applied to the world, but are the basis of all kinds of knowledge in ancient China society. ! no
If we compare the knowledge characteristics of China's ancient metaphysics with those of western modern natural sciences and humanities and social sciences, we can find that China's ancient metaphysics is actually a scientific knowledge system in China's local civilization and culture, but it is a scientific knowledge system with its own distinctive characteristics, an ecosystem, a reference system for academic research and a method of knowledge expression. Finally, it should be reminded that from the moment when Yang Xiong and others established the practice building of metaphysical subject theory, metaphysics was obviously different from divination, folk religion and folk alchemy. Metaphysics and these forms of knowledge may have the same origin in ancient times, but later they branched into their own running rivers and ecological development areas. People today should pay full attention to this point. However, metaphysics is more closely related to China's health care, qigong, imagery, medicine, literature and art, folk science and technology, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and they grow together, just like the relationship between science and technology. In other words, metaphysics is the basic knowledge form of these knowledge, which modern people should pay full attention to. 0^