The Olympic Games used "throw softball quickly". This ball is faster than ordinary softball. 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games, the highest pitching speed reached 1 18km/h, and most talented pitchers also reached100-115km/h. Batters should stand off home plate/kloc. From 65438 to 0996, in preparation for the Olympic Games, American softball teams toured the country. In the total ***6 1 match, the opponent scored only 3 points, in sharp contrast, the total score of the US team in the 6 1 match was as high as 44 1 point. It can be seen that the American team's batting skills have almost reached a superb level.
Softball is a game in which two teams alternately hit and catch balls. The purpose of both sides of the competition is to get the highest score in seven rounds (that is, seven rounds of batting). If three batters of one team are eliminated, the team's half-court game is over. If the two teams draw after seven games, the two teams will enter the play-offs until one team wins.
In a game, if the batter hits the ball, reaches first base counterclockwise, then runs all the third bases and finally runs back to home plate, the team scores one point. After the batter hit the ball thrown by the opposing team, the batter got first base. The ball hit by the batter must fall inside the sideline and in front of the receiver, so that the receiver can catch the ball with gloves. Before the catcher can bring the ball to base, the batter must first get on base.
If the batter hits the ball out of the court (four balls out of the court) or is hit by a ball thrown by the other side, the batter can also get on base safely. However, if it is a home run and the ball is often hit out of the fence, then the batter and all runners should run around the base and score immediately. Generally speaking, the first batter arrives at first base safely, and then other batters hit the ball and occupy it first base, thus scoring.
Batters and runners can run to the next base that is not occupied by other runners. However, if the batter gets on base after the catcher, then the batter is eliminated. If the batter hits a ground ball, base runner should run from first base to second base as soon as possible, so that the batter can easily run to first base. Similarly, if a player is forced to run to the base occupied by his teammates, other runners will run to the next base accordingly.
In both cases, the runner must run the base, and the receiver only needs to reach the next base before the runner after receiving the ball, so that the runner can be eliminated. There's no need to chase each other, base runner. .
Knock down the opposing batter:
The purpose of the bowler is to knock down the batter (that is, base runner). There are three ways to achieve this goal:
Force the batter to hit a ground ball to the infielder (the infielder throws the ball to the first baseman and runs to first base at once).
Force the batter to hit the ball into the air so that his teammates can catch it.
Force the batter out.
If the batter hits a boundary ball, unless the player has played two good balls before, then the ball is the batter's fault.
If the player strikes out, the batter will be eliminated for striking out.
Once the catcher catches the batter's ball in the air, base runner must leave home plate and reach the next base before the catcher.
Before receiving the ball, if base runner runs off the home plate, and the catcher gets the ball and successfully gets on the base before base runner returns, then base runner will be eliminated.
The batter can run past the first base, but if she runs or slides past the second or third base, she may be caught up by the catcher and eliminated.
The runner can start running before the batter hits the ball, or steal the base.
On the third stroke, the batter will be eliminated for touching the ball.
A bowler must land on at least one leg when pitching.
Players can return to the field after being replaced, but a substitute can only replace one player on the field.
Usually, the infield of softball is mud and the outfield is grass. Because the softball field is surrounded by the home plate and other third bases in a diamond shape, it is also called a diamond field.
The distance between the bases is 18.3 meters (60 feet). An imaginary line connects the four bases into a diamond with an acute angle of 45 degrees.
The pitcher stood on the rubber pitching mat in the middle of the court. A strong pitcher can usually pitch at the speed of 1 10 km/h, but in order to disturb the batting rhythm of the batter, the pitcher will also throw some slower balls, such as slow balls to let the batter empty.
The size of the outfield is not so strict, but there must be at least 6 1 m (200 feet) between the home plate and the outfield fence of women's softball.
There will be eight teams competing in the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. As the host country, the Australian team was automatically selected. Through the 1998 World Cup, the United States, Japan, China and Canada all qualified for the Olympic Games. The other three teams are Italy, New Zealand and Cuba. These three teams qualified through the regional championships.
These eight teams are all playing in the same stadium, and each team will meet the other seven teams. The top four will advance to the semi-finals. In the semi-final, the first place will compete with the second place, and the third place will compete with the fourth place. The losers of the first and second teams will be the winners of the third and fourth teams, and the winner of this game will compete with the winner between the first and second teams for the championship. ,
If you are familiar with baseball, you may find that softball and baseball have many similarities. At the same time, you will find that there are great differences between them.
Softball has seven innings.
sailboat
Sailing competitions meet on water, and a set of navigation rules is much more complicated than the traffic rules on land. In order to achieve good results, athletes should be familiar with a 13 1 page competition rule (RRS for short), 95 pages of rule case analysis and 20 pages of barrier rules. Before the competition, we should learn two other rules-competition rules and navigation rules. How to use rules to suppress opponents and make their own profits is an important topic that athletes and coaches need to study with great concentration. Sailing competition rules mainly include navigation rules, competition implementation rules and protest trial rules. This rule is revised every four years after the Olympic Games. FIA also publishes rule explanations, including annual cases. All cases are revised and compiled according to the latest rules.
The most commonly used navigation rules are-sailing ships with wind on the port side should avoid ships with wind on the starboard side; Ships in the upwind position should avoid ships in the downwind position; When encountering a buoy or obstacle, the ship approaching the object should avoid the ship approaching the object, and the outer ship should avoid the inner ship. The detailed rules for the implementation of the competition mainly stipulate the organization and management norms of the competition, such as navigation methods and signal notification methods. Protest trial rules are a set of judging methods to solve disputes or fouls caused by athletes meeting and colliding on the water.
Sailing venue
The formal sailing competition is required to be held on the high seas, 2 kilometers away from the coast1~. The competition field is an equilateral triangle composed of three buoys, and the length of each flight line is not less than 2 ~ 2.5 nautical miles. The starting line and the finishing line are connected by two signs, and the width is 100 ~ 200m, which can be increased or decreased according to the number of sailboats. Another way to calculate the route length is to multiply the captain by 1.25m according to the number of sailing boats. The departure route should be parallel to the finish line, and the L mark and the wind direction line should be perpendicular to each other at an angle of 90 degrees.
Sailing race sequence
The race sequence of the whole voyage is: after sailing, unify the No.2 and No.3 signs, and then reach the finish line around 1 and No.3 signs; The race sequence of shortening the voyage is: after sailing, 1, 2, 3 or so to reach the finish line. The actual distance of sailing competition is divided into three parts: sailing, sailing and finishing. Full voyage 18000m, shortened voyage 10000.
Sailing events and scoring methods
Sailing events include dhows and long-distance sailboats. Olympic Games, World Sailing Championships and China Sailing Championships all use short-distance triangles to sail around the standard. The straight-line voyage is about 28 kilometers. * * * There are 7 races in total. Choose the best results of 6 races to calculate the ranking of each sailing boat. The results are evaluated according to the total score of good rankings in each game. Sailing boats that have not been disqualified or closed to the finish line. The score of each ranking in each game is: 1 0, 2 is 3, 3 is 5.7, 4 is 8, 5 is 10, 6 is1.7, and the rankings after 7 are the ranking times. After a sailboat reaches the finish line, if it is disqualified due to a foul or is blocked outside the finish line, its ranking score is the total number of sailboats participating. The ranking scores of each sailboat in each race add up to the performance of the ship, and the one with the least total score wins.
Sailing foul in sailing competition
One of the rules of sailing competition. It means that any part of the hull, equipment or crew of the rowing boat touches the route or its extension line before the sailing signal is issued, which belongs to "scrambling for navigation". Punishment: the gunner returns to the side of the departure route and sets sail again.
Exempt from sailing competition
One of the rules of sailing competition. Refers to the punishment for foulers in the game. If you touch the mark, don't circle the mark; Touch it, rotate 720 degrees or increase the ranking by 200/0.
Navigation rules after sailing
After the sailing signal is issued, any part of the rowing boat hull, crew or equipment touches the course when it reaches the first target course, which is regarded as "sailing".
End a game
Terminology in sailing competition rules. When the hull, equipment or any part of the athlete's body bypasses all the prescribed signs and touches the finish line in the prescribed voyage, the ship is the end of the race.
Navigation mark for sailing competition
A sign showing the runway. Flags, flagpoles, etc. Made of metal or foamed plastic. According to the rules, sailboats must bypass or pass any landmark from the designated side during the race.
Avoidance in sailing competition
One of the rules of sailing competition. The rules stipulate various signals and avoidance rules during the race to avoid collisions and accidents, and sailboats in the race must abide by them. One of them is fair sailing, which must be won with superb technology and superior speed, and it is not allowed to win by improper means. Navigation rules also stipulate the direction of navigation and bidding. All sailboats must bid according to the regulations, otherwise they will be regarded as unfinished races. If you hit the logo, you will be punished for being hit 360 degrees by the logo, and then continue to participate in the competition; If a sailboat violates the rules in the race, it will be punished to rotate 720 degrees in the same direction (that is, rotate twice in the same place) to free itself and then continue to participate in the race.
Sailing referee ship
The facilities used for organization and command in sailing competitions are defective. The international flag is used to convey orders. "Red flag" refers to the sign that sailboats must bypass the regulations clockwise; "Green flag" means that sailing boats must bypass the sign counterclockwise. When a flag of a certain level is hoisted on the cross mast, it indicates the early warning signal of that level, and there are still 10 minutes before departure. The "P" flag indicates that there are five minutes before sailing, and then every 1 minute, each sailboat will be notified by audio signals in the order of 4, 3, 2 and L. Before the sailing route is opened, the sailboat will be recalled and set sail again according to the theory of seizing the route. If there are more sailboats competing, and the referee can't distinguish the sailboats competing, he will recall all the sailboats in this class and start over. Prepare the signal 5 minutes before sailing, and you must abide by the rules of competition and navigation.
Matters needing attention in sailing competition
Sailing competitions are all held at sea, and the situation at sea is more complicated. To mobilize sailing, you must first be able to swim and swim a long distance. In addition, we must have good physical fitness and endurance to adapt to the long-term bumps at sea. International sailing competitions are often held in strong winds, and the wind speed is 10 ~ 12 meters per second. It is necessary to keep the course and a certain speed without capsizing, which requires athletes to try their best to hold the edge and keep the balance of the ship. At the same time, we should clearly grasp the surrounding environment, water speed, direction and airflow changes; In the case of a large number of participating ships, you must also be familiar with the rules of the game to avoid foul. Excellent athletes must also know how to check and arrange the equipment on board, especially adjust the sail type to adapt to the maximum lift.
Tracking and archiving; track and filed; athletics
In track and field competitions, all running events (including hurdles and relay running) belong to track events. The ranking of contestants depends on the order in which their trunks (different from their heads, necks, arms, legs, hands or feet) reach the vertical line within the finish line. If the track results are the same, it will affect the entry into the next race. If the situation permits, all of them will be accepted, otherwise they will have to race again. In the final, the result is the first, and the referee has the right to decide whether to have a rematch. If a rematch is deemed unnecessary, the result will remain unchanged. As for other places, even if the result is the same, there is no need to call again.
beach volleyball
Rules of Beach Volleyball Competition —— The difference between the rules of beach volleyball competition for two people organized by ——FIVB and indoor volleyball competition;
(1) A team consists of two players. Each team must have two players on the field and no substitutions are allowed. When the server hits the ball, players from both sides must be present and can stand at will. There is no fixed position, no position error or rotation error, but there is a wrong service order. When each team serves for the first time in a game, the recorder will reveal the order of serving. During the game, the cue should display the number plate of the server 1 or No.2 to indicate the service order of the team. When the recorder finds that the service order is wrong, he should inform the referee immediately after serving and hitting the ball.
(2) Each team can hit the ball up to three times, and the tentacle hand that blocks the ball counts as one shot. The third time, the ball must be returned to the opponent's court from the net.
(3) Players are not allowed to command the ball with their fingers to complete the offensive stroke.
(4) When a player finishes attacking with an overhand pass, the pass trajectory is not perpendicular to the shoulder line, which is a foul.
(5) When defending a heavy spike with an overhand pass, the ball is allowed to temporarily stagnate in the hand. When both players touch the ball online at the same time, they can "hold the ball".
(6) Players are allowed to enter the opponent's space, venue and barrier-free area without disturbing the opponent's competition.
(7) Any player can hit the ball at any height in the space of this court.
(8) In each game, each team can request a timeout of up to 4 times, each timeout lasts for 30 seconds, and any player can request a timeout from the referee.
(9) In any competition, when the score of both sides is 5, the recorder will inform the referee, and then the two sides will exchange venues. When changing venues, the team can have a rest time of 30 seconds. However, there is no rest time when the deciding game of two wins in three sets is exchanged.
(10) In the best-of-three game, all inter-game breaks are 5 minutes.
(eleven) players injured in the course of the game, can be given five minutes of recovery time, but the same player a game to give up to two recovery time. If a player fails to recover within 5 minutes or the same player recovers more than twice in a game, the team is declared incomplete.
The scoring system for each goal is: two wins in three games, 2 1 point in each game. The team that wins the other team by two points or more is the winning team, and there is no upper limit for the score; If there is a score of 1 to 1, the third game will be played. The third game 15 points, the team that wins the other team by 2 points or more is the winning team in this game, and there is no upper limit for the score; In the first two games, when the scores of both sides add up to 10, the venue will be changed. In the third game, when the scores of both sides add up to 5 points, change venues. There is no rest every time you change venues, and no delay is allowed.
There are two pauses for each team in each game, 30 seconds each time; Inter-office break 1 min; In each game, the punishment for sports teams is not cumulative, but cumulative in each game. At the beginning of each game, recalculate the penalty times of the game; In each competition, each athlete is injured only once and is banned; The loser who draws lots in the first game has the right to choose at the beginning of the second game. If you play the third game, you will draw lots again.
boxing
Only men's boxing competitions are held in the Olympic Games. The boxing match was played by two players in a square boxing ring. In amateur boxing, the goal of the game is to score points by hitting opponents or make them unable to continue the game.
Boxers must wear boxing gloves and are only allowed to hit the side and front of each other's waist with clenched fists. At the Sydney Olympic Games, each boxing match consists of four rounds, each lasting two minutes, with a one-minute break between rounds. In the past, every Olympic boxing match had three rounds, each of which lasted three minutes. However, medical reports show that the new competition system can reduce the physical injury suffered by boxers in the competition.
score
As soon as the bell rings, a boxing match begins. Boxers approached each other, trying to score points by hitting each other effectively. Make a clear and powerful blow to the reasonable part of the opponent's body with the fist peak of clenched gloves, and score one point. Effective hitting positions include the front side of the opponent's head and the front side of the upper body above the waist. A blow on the arm is invalid. If the blow to the effective hitting position is judged not to constitute a hitting force, no score will be scored.
A team of five judges decides whether to score a blow or not, and the electronic scoring system will ensure that only when at least three of the five judges decide to score. There are two buttons in front of each judge, one for each player. When the referee thinks that the player has an effective blow to his opponent, he can press the corresponding button. Only when at least three referees press the same button in less than one second will the scoring system score points.
Boxers can get one point for one effective hit, and the score is calculated by the electronic system. When two boxers hit each other quickly and continuously in close combat, neither side can strike with enough force. At this time, the judge can wait until the close combat is over and give the dominant party a point.
At the end of the boxing match, add up the points given by each referee, and the person who gets more points from most referees is declared the winner. If the two players score the same score in the end, the referee will decide the winner by evaluating which player is better in the game scene or has a better sports style. If the judges are still flat after weighing these factors, they can turn to the defensive skills of the players and make a final evaluation.
Can't afford to fall, can't afford to fall.
In boxing, if a boxer is hit and any other part of his body touches the table above his feet, he will be sentenced to the ground. After being hit, a player falls off the rope, leans or hangs on the rope, or can stand up after being hit hard, but the referee on the stage thinks that he can't continue the game, so he should be sentenced to the ground. When the boxer was knocked down, the referee began to count from 1 to 10. Now electronic counting equipment has been adopted, and every time the equipment counts tickets, it will beep, but the judges on the stage often do it for a few seconds by themselves. The referee on the stage asked to keep a hand in front of the fallen player for a few seconds and gestured for the second. After counting to 10 seconds, if the player who falls to the ground can't stand up, it can be judged that the opponent has knocked down the opponent and won.
Even if the fallen player stands up immediately, he can't continue the game. He must first accept the referee's eight seconds on the stage. After a few seconds to eight seconds, the referee on the stage will order "start" to continue the game if he thinks that the game can continue. If the knocked-down player stands up and misses again, the referee on the stage will start for 8 seconds at a time.
Players who fall to the ground and are being beaten for a few seconds can only stop for a few seconds when the bell rings at the end of the final round to avoid being sentenced to failure. In other rounds and competitions, the referee continues backstage for a few seconds when the bell rings.
If both sides are knocked down at the same time, the referee on the stage will hold for several seconds at the same time. As long as one side stays on the ground, it will continue for several seconds to 10. If both sides can't stand up to 10 in a few seconds, the game is over at this time, and the one who scored the most points before the time of falling to the ground wins.
Break the rules
When a boxer commits a foul, he will face a warning, a warning or the severest punishment, and be disqualified from the competition. Two warnings to the same kind of offenders are equal to one warning. Three warnings, regardless of the same foul, will lead to the player's disqualification. Common fouls include: hitting the opponent below the waist line, hugging the opponent, squeezing the opponent's face with elbow, pushing the opponent's head out of the rope, hitting with open palm, hitting with palm back, hitting the opponent's back of head and neck and body. Other fouls include passive defense, not taking a step back when the referee orders "separation", hitting the referee verbally on the stage, and hitting the opponent immediately after the referee orders "separation".
Weight classification (boxing)
Boxing competition in Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 includes 12 levels. The classification and restrictions of weight classes are as follows:
Grade weight
Sublightweight 48 kg class
Ultra-light weight class 5 1 kg class
The lightest heavyweight is 54 kg.
Sublightweight 57 kg class
Lightweight 60 kg class
Welterweight 63.5 kg
Welterweight 67 kg
Welterweight 7 1 kg
Subheavyweight 75 kg class
Heavyweight 8 1 kg
The heaviest heavyweight is 9 1 kg.
Super heavyweight above 9 1 kg
Other rules
1. If any boxer gets three seconds in a round and four seconds in a match, the referee on the stage can stop the match and declare the opponent won.
If the referee on the stage stops the game in the first round because of the player's eye injury or similar reasons, then the opponent wins. However, if the referee stops the competition in the second or third round for the above reasons, the winner of the competition will be evaluated by accumulating the scores given by the referee so far.
Players are required to shake hands with each other before the first round of competition and after the results of the competition are announced to show friendship. Players participating in the Olympic boxing competition must be at least 17 years old and at least 34 years old.
4. It is forbidden to keep a beard on the chin, and the longest beard on the upper lip cannot exceed the upper lip.
Before each competition, the medical examiner must announce whether the health condition of the contestants is suitable for the competition. In the competition, there are three doctors on the sidelines. Any doctor can stop the game if he thinks it is necessary for medical reasons.
squared circle
The square boxing ring used in the competition covers an area of 6. 1 m2 and is surrounded by ropes. The surface of the boxing ring consists of a stretched canvas with a cushion under it. The area of the whole boxing ring extending out of the rope is 45.72 square centimeters.
The ropes on both sides of the boxing ring are composed of four parallel ropes. The lowest rope from the floor of the boxing ring is 40.66 cm high, and the height distance between the two ropes is 30.48 cm.
The four corners of the boxing ring are distinguished by different colors. Boxers can use red and blue platform angles in the competition, and the other two neutral angles are white.
I believe China will be the first! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !