In the same year, he was elected as a "Brotherhood" priest and served as a priest in Olguangz.
16 18, Comenius switched to Fuernak. He has two jobs, one is a priest and the other is the headmaster of a fraternity school. He loves and respects his students very much. In order to cultivate students' love for nature, they are often taken out for hiking.
During his teaching, Comenius never forgot the members of the "Brotherhood". Besides the pastor's charity work, he also cares about members' lives and guides them to keep bees, so that members can benefit from it and be self-sufficient.
Comenius took time out of his busy schedule to study the works of Thomas Moore, campanella and Louis Vives. Read educational works extensively and write papers on education, philosophy and theology. At the same time, he studied painting art, especially cartography. His refined new map of Moravia was published in 1627, reprinted many times and widely used.
Comenius is a new teacher, who loves students, dares to explore, has a wide range of interests and shows amazing talent. Comenius' education and research career has just begun, but times have changed. Thirty years of war (1618-1648) broke out, and the whole of Europe was involved in the war and suffered unimaginable catastrophe. In the Battle of Baishan, the "Catholic Allied Forces" defeated the Czech army and the Czech Republic completely lost its independence. Protestants were expelled and exiled, their property was confiscated and people were slaughtered. The brotherhood was persecuted.
162 1 year, Spanish mercenaries captured Furnek and set the city on fire. Comenius' property, library and all his papers and manuscripts were reduced to ashes, but he survived and escaped from Funek with only a few remaining clothes. At that time, my wife was pregnant and had to go back to her mother's house and live with her parents for the time being.
It never rains but it pours. At the beginning of 1622, the war brought a plague, and his wife and two children both died of this plague. He was hit hard again. The war took away the dignity of the motherland, the lives of his wife and children, and the wonderful time of his research and education.
Comenius, in the dark age of national destruction and death, was saddened by the sinking of the motherland, resented the predatory war of the international community and longed for a peaceful, peaceful and bright world. With tenacious fighting spirit, he stood in the front line of the struggle and fought hard with the reactionary forces to become an anti-feudal fighter. 16 18, he published a letter to heaven, claiming that "the oppressed poor complained to heaven", which profoundly exposed various inequalities at that time. He accused Heaven: "Those people (the rich) have countless possessions in the world, but we are poor and miserable, but we are all created by you like them, which is unfair." Their closets were full of endless silks and satins, which were eaten by moths, but we were naked. "
Comenius hated war, worried about the country and the people, mercilessly criticized the unequal social system at that time, and showed fearless integrity. 1624, Emperor Ferdinand II issued a decree ordering all Protestants to be expelled from the Czech Republic. Comenius and other members of the "Brotherhood" lived in seclusion in the dense forests of Bohemia, continued to engage in national salvation activities, and conducted educational research to teach their children. They are convinced that a good education is the main means to revive the motherland and improve society.
1625 In March, the "Brotherhood" held a meeting of elders in Chacun, Blavy. The meeting decided to get in touch with Poland immediately, request asylum, and elected Comenius as the negotiator. For the benefit of the "Brotherhood" and the motherland, Comenius risked being arrested and ran back and forth, and finally reached the relevant agreement.
1627? On March 3 1, the Kaiser again ordered that Catholicism is the only legal religion in the Czech Republic, and citizens must openly believe in Catholicism within six months, otherwise they will be exiled abroad. So,1February 628, Comenius took more than 30,000 "Brotherhood" families to bid farewell to the motherland and moved to the Polish city of Reza for refuge.
Comenius felt extremely sad when he left the motherland. He thought that the troubled motherland was groaning under foreign rule, but her descendants had to leave her in order to survive and be strong ... At this moment, he could not restrain his passionate feelings for the motherland. He climbed the mountain angrily and faced his lovely motherland. He fell to his knees with tears, and moistened his mother's heart with his son's tears: "motherland!" " 1632, Comenius published the book "School for Mothering in the Province", which was the first time in human history to formulate a detailed education outline for children under 6 years old, which was one of his great achievements. In fact, he was also one of the earliest educators and thinkers who studied family education.
Comenius believes that family is the first school for children, family education is the primary stage of school education, and parents are the first teachers for children, especially mothers have special responsibilities and obligations for children's education. Children should be more precious and amiable than gold, silver and jewels. Children are a mirror, so we don't forget the virtues of modesty, kindness, kindness and coordination. "
In Mother's School, Comenius follows the principle of children's nature and thinks that the content of education should be from simple to complex, from the training of feeling (seeing, hearing, tasting and touching) to the cultivation of religious belief, forming a gradient and step by step; Educational methods should be simple, flexible and easy to operate. He attaches great importance to children's moral cultivation, including 12, and his demands are well-founded, from diet to religious etiquette.
Once published, the School of Mothering by Mothers has been widely circulated with its unique style, becoming a practical manual for parents and a guide for mothers to carry out family education, and also a "golden key" to open the door to children's wisdom. 1668, Comenius wrote the only necessity. He dedicated this work to Prince Rubbra of the Netherlands and begged him to preach peace and seek happiness for the public. The book also expresses his attachment to the motherland: "... I spent my life not in the motherland, but in wandering, and my residence changed from time to time, and there was no place where I lived permanently."
/kloc-at the beginning of October, Comenius was ill in bed, but he still remembered the future and fate of the Brotherhood. Even when he was dying, he was still worried about the unfinished works of cosmic wisdom and still did not forget the cause of education. He called his son to bed and repeatedly told him to sort out all his manuscripts and drafts for publication and future generations' reference.
1670165438+1October 15. Comenius died with deep affection for his motherland, and his body was buried in Larden near Amsterdam.
Comenius is the founder of new pedagogy, a great thinker and an outstanding democratic educator. This "Czech cultural giant" has always loved his motherland. He is a defender of Czech national independence and a tireless fighter for peace.
"Comenius is a profound and independent philosopher and a knowledgeable and talented educator. He completed a revolution in the practice of a new generation of teaching and education theory. " Comenius, deeply influenced by humanism, is full of confidence in human wisdom and creativity, and advocates the harmonious development of human beings through education, hoping to improve society and realize the equality of sects and nationalities through education. The theory of universal wisdom is the core of Comenius' educational thought. The so-called "universal wisdom" means that all people can acquire extensive and comprehensive knowledge through education, so that wisdom can be fully developed. He advocates learning extensive knowledge and mastering the essence of subject knowledge; Emphasize that what you have learned should be useful to real life; Attach importance to natural science knowledge and the study of various languages; Pay attention to the cultivation of students' action ability. In his educational masterpiece On Great Teaching, he began with the clear meaning that "it expounds all the art of teaching all knowledge to everyone" and tried to realize the ideal of "all-intelligent education" and "all-intelligent school" through educational experiments. Comenius also put forward many important teaching principles in the Great Teaching Theory, such as intuition principle, inspiration and guidance principle, ability principle, step by step principle, consolidation principle, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude principle and so on. These principles are still the basic principles that our teachers follow in teaching activities.
Another important contribution of Comenius is that in the history of education, he elaborated the class teaching system and related school year system, school day system, examination and assessment system for the first time. Although as early as the Reformation in Europe, in the teaching practice of Jesuits, Lutherans and other missionary schools, there has been a teaching system with classes and grades, and the teaching progress is stipulated by years, months and weeks. But Comenius was the first person who systematically expounded the class teaching system. Based on Sun's "Bright and Warm Everything" and "Not only one thing, not only one beast, not only one tree", he demonstrated the necessity and feasibility of the class teaching system, and thought that the class teaching system was a powerful means to mobilize teachers' enthusiasm and improve teaching efficiency. He pointed out that the specific methods of class teaching system are: according to children's age characteristics and knowledge level, children are divided into different classes; Each class has a special classroom; Each class has a teacher to teach all the students in the class. Related to the class teaching system, he also proposed the academic year system, school day system, examination and assessment system. He advocates that under normal circumstances, each grade should start and end the school year curriculum every autumn, and no children should be admitted to school at other times, so as to ensure that the whole class can complete the same course at the end of the school year and be promoted to a higher grade after passing the examination. Class time is 4 hours every day, and rest for half an hour every 1 hour. There are four long holidays every year, each with 8 days off. With regard to the examination and assessment system, he proposed to establish a class examination, a daily examination, a weekly examination, a quarterly examination and an annual examination. Among them, the school year exam is the most important exam, usually held at the end of the school year. Those who pass the oral examination by lottery can be promoted, and those who fail must retake the exam or be ordered to drop out of school. Comenius established its important position in the history of western educational thought with his outstanding contribution to educational theory.
Popularizing compulsory education and "teaching everything to all mankind" actually means giving preschool education and primary education to all children. Secondary education can only be enjoyed by men and women who are interested in mental work, while higher education is the right of a few "wise men". However, under the historical conditions at that time, Comenius broke the shackles of feudalism and advocated that everyone had the right to education, which was suitable for the development of social productive forces at that time.