14 Han tombs were excavated from the southern slope of Wuyingshan in the northern suburb of Jinan, Shandong Province in the spring of 1969. Among the unearthed cultural relics, a plate of musical and acrobatic pottery figurines from the Western Han Dynasty was found. Four of these terracotta figures are doing gymnastics, two are doing handstands symmetrically and two are bowing. Moreover, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo developed the "Five-Animal Play" inspired by animals. Although it is designed for physical fitness, its graceful movements can already see the clue of gymnastics.
After the Tang and Song Dynasties, gymnastics developed further, with pairs and group movements, and many complicated somersaults were combined with acrobatic performances.
As for instrumental gymnastics, as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a "lever" among the people in China, which was very similar to modern instrumental gymnastics.
1840 post-modern gymnastics was introduced to China after the Opium War. At that time, gymnastics was very backward and there were no mass gymnastics activities. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, gymnastics was set up in the "foreign school", in the schools reformed and developed by the reformists, and in the educational curriculum standards of bourgeois reform during the China Revolution. As an urgent requirement for the all-round development of education or human rights and the development of saving the country, it can be said that it is the predecessor of physical education class today. However, only at the Third National Games in 1924 did the national gymnastics performance with incomplete events for decades be held.
At present, gymnastics in China has made rapid progress and has become one of the main events to win gold medals. In the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, China won 65,438+04 medals and 9 gymnastics gold medals.
Gymnastics is a kind of physical exercise with bare hands or equipment. "Gymnastics: originated from ancient Greek, and its Italian is" naked technique ",because it was all naked practice at that time, and was later adopted by European and American countries. China is called "gymnastics". Its meaning and content change with the times.
The official name of modern gymnastics is competitive gymnastics, which is a branch of gymnastics, also called gymnastics for short. This is a complex and coordinated action on the specified equipment, and it is scored according to the score of the action or the difficulty, arrangement and completion of the action.
Modern gymnastics originated in 18 and 19 centuries. At that time, Germany, Sweden and Denmark appeared in Europe, which not only promoted the further development of gymnastics, but also laid the foundation for the formation of modern gymnastics. 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games listed gymnastics as an official event.
At present, there are world cup, world championship and Olympic gymnastics competitions in the world. International and domestic large-scale gymnastics competitions generally include three different and interrelated competitions, namely, team competition, individual all-around competition and individual competition. [Edit this paragraph] Gymnastics includes events.
"Gymnastics" is a general term for all gymnastics events, not a specific name. According to the purpose and task, gymnastics can be divided into basic gymnastics and competitive gymnastics. Basic gymnastics refers to a kind of gymnastics with simple movements and techniques. Its main purpose and task is to keep fit and cultivate a good posture. Its main target is the broad masses of the people. The most common are broadcast gymnastics and fitness gymnastics to prevent and treat various occupational diseases. Literally, competitive gymnastics refers to a kind of gymnastics whose main purpose is to win in the field, get excellent results and compete for medals. This kind of gymnastics is difficult, complicated and thrilling, and it is mainly athletes who engage in this kind of gymnastics training. At present, competitive gymnastics includes competitive gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, aerobics, acrobatics and trampoline. Among them, men's competitive gymnastics events include floor exercise, pommel horse, rings, vault, parallel bars and horizontal bar, while women's events include vault, uneven bars, balance beam and floor exercise. Because competitive gymnastics has the longest history, it can be said to be the "big brother" in competitive gymnastics, so now people are usually used to calling it "competitive gymnastics". [Edit this paragraph] Competition rules
According to the competition rules of the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), major international competitions (such as the Olympic Games and the World Gymnastics Championships) are often held separately for men and women. The men's and women's division refers to the men's and women's division, with six men's teams and one team for each event; Women also have six teams in each competition. In some small and medium-sized international competitions and domestic competitions, men and women are basically playing together. Men and women play together to facilitate the arrangement of the game. There are three men's teams and three women's teams competing at the same time in each game, which is divided into the first half and three rounds in each half. In the first half, three men's teams competed in floor exercise, pommel horse and rings, two women's teams competed in vault and uneven bars, and the other women's team had a bye. After three rounds in the first half, the second half will be held. The men's team has three events: vault, parallel bars and horizontal bar, while the women's team will compete in balance beam and floor exercise. So the vault and floor exercise will be staggered because of the first half and the second half.
Before the official start of the competition, athletes do various pre-competition exercises for 30 seconds each. Five people in each team, ***2 minutes and 30 seconds. After the start of the competition, the project referee holds high the green flag or gives the green light, which is a signal to the athletes preparing for the competition. If the athlete fails to board the equipment 30 seconds after the signal is sent, even if he abstained, he will be awarded 0 points.
Athletes should raise their right hand to the referee before boarding the equipment, which is both a respect for the referee and a reminder to the referee: I'm going to start doing the action. When athletes complete a set of movements, they should also stand at attention and signal to the referee that the movement is over. Then the judges of Group A and Group B will determine a starting score (the highest starting score is 10) according to the difficulty of athletes' completion, special arrangement and joint action, and show it to the whole audience. The referee in Group B asked to deduct points from the skill and posture of this movement within 30 seconds, and fill in the scoring table, which was sent to the referee by the electronic scoring system or the runner. Finally, the referee will indicate the final score of this set of actions according to the scores of the judges in Group A and Group B. If all five athletes of a team have completed the competition, a red flag or a red light will be hung on the equipment to indicate the end of the competition. If all events are hung with red flags or red lights, the announcer will inform athletes to rotate the events. Repeat this cycle until all six events are over.
The international gymnastics scoring rules clearly stipulate that athletes should wear uniform clothes in all team competitions, and must wear vests, gymnastics pants and gymnastics shoes (or socks) in pommel horse, rings, parallel bars and horizontal bar competitions. The reason for this rule is that these four events mainly focus on upper limb movements, and wearing pants not only has little effect on athletes' movements, but also increases the aesthetic feeling of movements. Floor exercise and vault are basically full-body participation in sports, especially leg activities. In order to ensure that athletes can better play their own level and create better results in the competition, the rules stipulate that they can wear shorts or walk barefoot (to prevent slipping) in these two events. If an athlete violates these regulations, a certain score will be deducted from the team's total score or individual score. [Edit this paragraph] Criterion In men's and women's competitions, there are two groups of referees, A and B, who grade the athletes' competition actions. A the referee group determines the "a" score according to the content of a set of movements of athletes. The content of "A" includes: taking the method of athletes' complete sets of movements, adding the best 9 movements * * * 10, and calculating its difficulty value. The most difficult movement for men is Group F, and the most difficult movement for women is Group G. In all competitions, the difficulty scores of the male and female complete movements are as follows: A, B, C, D, E, F, G; The action scores are: 0. 1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7. In the calculated difficulty value of 10 actions, Judge A will give 0.5 points for each action structure group requirement. In addition to vault, the whole set of movements must have prescribed movements. B The referee group determines the score of "B", which starts from 10, and points will be deducted in the unit of 0. 1. Deductions for "B" include: artistic and completion errors, technical and arrangement errors. When there are artistic and technical deviations in the completion of the action, points will be deducted. Deduct 0. 1 minute for minor faults; 0.3 points for errors; 0.5 points for big mistakes; 0.8 points will be deducted for falling. Summarizing the penalty points for fine arts, mistakes in completion and mistakes in technology and arrangement, the penalty points will be deducted from 10, and the final score will be "B". The sum of "A" and the final "B" is the final score of a set of actions. When the total score is the same, it depends on the effective score of B. For example, in the women's uneven bars final of the 2008 Olympic Games, He Kexin of China and Liu Jin of the United States were also 16.725, with a score of 7.7, but He Kexin of China had less effective score (in order to make the whole rule more fair, the current "level breaking" rule began to use the method of average effective score. If the two players score the same, first look at the finished score, and the one with the highest finished score wins; If the completion scores are the same, the lowest score is removed from the effective completion scores, and the remaining completion scores are averaged and compared until it is reduced to only one score. If there is still no comparison at this time, take a lowest score from all six completed scores and average it with the other five scores. If all the scores are the same, the ranking will be decided by drawing lots. However, due to protests from some countries, the break-even rule is only adopted in the Olympic Games, and the World Championships are still allowed to draw), so China's players are the first. [Edit this paragraph] The International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), referred to as the International Gymnastics Federation, is one of the oldest and largest international individual sports organizations in the world history. The International Gymnastics Federation was established in Antwerp, Belgium on July 23rd. 188 1. At that time, it was called the European Gymnastics Federation (FEG), with only three members. On April 7th, 192 1, the name was changed, and the association has 125 members.
At present, the International Gymnastics Federation has five kinds of gymnastics: men's competitive gymnastics, women's competitive gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, ordinary gymnastics and rhythmic gymnastics. 1999 With the merger of the International Federation of Skills and the Trampoline Federation, it has become seven major sports. The International Gymnastics Federation is a member of the Federation of International Sports Federations, and its working languages are French, English, German, Russian and Spanish. Official records and documents are mainly in French.
The task of the International Gymnastics Federation is to mobilize various forces conducive to physical development through sports and gymnastics, study gymnastics theory and practice, issue documents, and determine competition actions and rules; Providing technical assistance to members of the Association; Hold international competitions to encourage and strengthen friendly exchanges between athletes from various countries.
The highest authority of the International Gymnastics Federation is the Congress, which is held every two years and elected every four years. An association member can send three representatives to attend the meeting, but only 1 ticket.
The congress discusses the chairman's summary report, the reports of the technical committee for men and women and the rhythmic gymnastics committee, the suggestions of the members of the association, and elects the members of the Council, the executive committee and the technical committee. The Board of Directors of the International Gymnastics Federation consists of 44 members, including members of the Executive Committee, and meets once a year. The Executive Committee is responsible for the daily work of FISU. The executive committee consists of the chairman, three vice-chairmen, the secretary-general, the deputy secretary-general, seven members, the chairmen of the continental federations and the chairmen of the special committees. The Executive Committee supervises the implementation of the constitution and rules of the Federation, formulates the agenda of the conference and studies the suggestions of the members of the Association. The meeting of the Executive Committee shall be held once a year except during the Congress. The current president of the International Gymnastics Federation is Italian bruno grandi.
The International Gymnastics Federation has several special committees, including Men's Competitive Gymnastics Committee (MAG), Women's Competitive Gymnastics Committee (WAG), Rhythmic Gymnastics Committee (RSG), Rhythmic Gymnastics Committee (AER) and General Gymnastics Committee (GG). With the addition of acrobatics and trampoline, 1999 added technical committees for these two events. In addition, there are disciplinary committees, appeal committees and athletes' committees.
The International Gymnastics Federation publishes the Federation Bulletin, which is published eight times a year. It introduces the meetings of the Executive Committee and the Technical Committee, publishes the minutes of the Congress, and also publishes technical articles on various projects.
The main competitions of the International Gymnastics Federation are: the Olympic gymnastics competition every four years; Biennial world championships; 1 World Cup once a year; Biennial World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships; Championships and gymnastics festivals on all continents (demonstrations by athletes of all age groups).
China Gymnastics Association 1978+ 10 joined the International Sports Federation. [Edit this paragraph] Gymnastics knowledge
In gymnastics competitions, the audience often see that athletes always carry a leather thing on their hands when making rings or horizontal bars, one end of which is worn on their fingers and the other end is tied to their wrists. This is called "palm guard". As the name implies, "palm protection" is used to protect the palm. Because athletes do all kinds of hanging, swinging, circling, turning and other actions in the rings and horizontal bars, they completely grasp the rings or barbells with their hands, and there is friction between the palms and the equipment. After a long time, the skin of the palms will be blistered or even peeled off, which will affect the training. In order to protect the palm, make the training time longer and the effect better, and avoid blistering and peeling, the "palm guard" was invented in the actual training process. However, with the passage of time and the development of gymnastics technology, the function of "palm guard" has also changed, gradually evolving from a single "protection" function to improving "grip strength", helping and promoting the development of movement difficulty, making the technical development of horizontal bar and rings leap. In particular, the technology of horizontal bar is changing with each passing day and is deeply loved by the audience. In a sense, this is all because of the appearance and continuous development of the guardian.
During the competition, the audience can see the athletes standing in front of a white cylinder, rubbing the white powder back and forth with their hands, and then boarding the equipment. What are they doing? This is an anti-slip magnesium carbonate powder, which aims to increase the friction between the palm and the musical instrument and prevent it from separating from the lever. If magnesium powder is not used, it will be difficult to complete difficult movements, which shows the importance of carefully applying magnesium powder before athletes board the equipment. [Edit this paragraph] Gymnastics named after China athletes.