First, the essence of composition:
Therefore, composition is a way to cultivate students' writing ability. This way takes language as a means and "positive and healthy true feelings" as its essential feature.
Second, the composition requirements: (composition "Ten Essentials")
Since composition is a "way", it must have its specific basic forms, methods and requirements.
First, the examination questions should be accurate (taking three groups of composition questions as an example)
A set of (1) pains and joys of learning (2) pains and joys of writing.
Two groups (3) my hometown, (4) my hometown and me, (5) I love my hometown.
Three groups (6) competitions, (7) mirrors and (8) life papers.
1, determine the style.
Most of the compositions in the senior high school entrance examination are narratives (mainly narratives), which require portraying real stories and cannot be written into novels.
2, determine the person: ① use one person's composition to write what you see, hear and feel, which is true and credible. For example, "Dad stood behind me and saw me looking down and smiling"-this is by no means what he "saw" and is not true and credible. Writing with one person's "I" cannot directly describe other people's psychological activities. (3) When the user calls himself "I", "I" means that the author should be active in the events he writes. ④ When "he (she)" is used for three people, it can directly describe the psychological activities of the characters.
3. Grasp the key words. Look at the following materials first, which question is suitable for writing.
Material 1: Writing a composition in spite of illness (suitable for "The Bitterness and Joy of Learning")
Material 2: The composition is off topic (suitable for "Bitterness and Happiness of Composition")
So the first group of keywords are "learning" and "composition"; The second group of keywords are "hometown", "harmony" and "love".
Regarding the third group, the key is to grasp its figurative or symbolic meaning to conceive.
Example 1: I have a mirror in my drawer, so I dare not take it out. (original intention)
Example 2: "Take people as a mirror, you can gain and lose." (symbolically)
Second, the materials should be new.
"New" is a novel, "everyone has it in his heart, but everyone has nothing in his pen", which is not a novel, and it is not surprising. For example, if you write about yourself traveling and accidentally fall down, first you hang it on a branch, and then you fall into a deep pool. Maybe you surfaced to the little dragon girl's residence-only Yang found it. This is novelty.
Another example is: my teacher writes about how chemistry teachers analyze chemical equations, or English teachers speak English grammar-"novelty".
Another example is "My Mom"
Materials: (1) Doing housework; (2) knitting sweaters; (3) Advise Dad to quit smoking and gambling; (4) send vegetables; (6) playing mahjong; (6) respect the elderly; (five) actively participate in fitness activities; (5) Call for abstinence from gambling, and write novels about the bad influence of mother's addiction to mahjong on family life. 〕
Third, the idea should be profound (or good)
(1) Thought should be positive, healthy and enlightening. Ideas should not be reactionary, full of complaints, negative and meaningless, nor should they be far-fetched, moaning and arbitrarily adding a "bright" tail.
Example 1, write about the feelings that people around you have destroyed the school environment: Why is socialism so bad? -The idea is reactionary (you can call for protecting the school environment-the idea is correct)
Example 2, homework is like the sea, reading is like prison-intention belongs to complaining about negativity (understanding the teacher, carrying forward with heavy load-having positive intention).
Example 3, "an interesting thing" is to dig a hole and fill it with dung-the idea is meaningless (now that I think about it, I don't think it should be-the idea is meaningful)
Example 4, "Mom", what can I use to repay my mother's deep kindness? I will continue to be loyal to our motherland and people-far-fetched.
For another example, "On the Road" took a muddy path on a rainy day and went to a classmate's house to play. After falling, my classmate helped me clean up the mud.
Idea 1: The students are deeply in love (good)
Idea 2: The road of life, like this path in the rain, is full of mud and bumps. We should face it bravely, get up after falling and move on bravely. (deep)
(2) the idea (that is, the center) should be clear and single. If the topic of our exam-oriented composition is Who is the cutest person, we can't use three examples to show the heroism, internationalism and patriotism of volunteer soldiers like Wei Wei (of course, he is right), but we should mainly grasp one of the three points and show it with a vivid and concrete thing. This is determined by factors such as the time and number of words in the exam-oriented composition.
Example: "I learn to play table tennis"
Idea 1: Where there is a will, there is a way. (deep)
Idea 2: Success comes from diligence and wisdom. (deep)
Idea 3: The coach is a great teacher. (good)
Idea 4: Dad cares about me. (Good idea)
Fourth, the idea should be clever.
Conception includes two aspects: first, plot structure and layout; Second, creativity, using flashback techniques to open up doubts and replace the surface with points, can achieve the effect of ingenious plot structure. For example, writing "My hometown has changed", grasping the fact that the "road" in my hometown has changed from a path to a road, from a dirt road to a slate road to an asphalt road, or grasping the means of transportation can reflect the changes in my hometown.
Ingenious conception mainly refers to ingenious creativity. For example, the third group of composition topics "competition" and "mirror image" grasp the figurative meaning or symbolic meaning.
For example, there is such a group of ideas in the creation of Spring, a small tree in front of the door.
(1) Poor students are discriminated against-they pick up abandoned young trees on the road-carefully cultivate green branches and leaves-thinking that as long as they are cared for, they will thrive like young trees.
(2) Small trees under big trees-growing under the care of parents.
(3) Small trees born next to the stump-they have been nourished by their predecessors.
(4) Young trees grow into trees-attention should be paid to the cultivation of young people.
The Association of Example "O"
Everything starts from scratch.
On a full moon night, I miss my loved ones twice.
(3) There is only one earth.
(4) Li Guyi's mouth, Teacher Zhang's face.
V paragraphs (levels) should be clear
What is the subdivision for? The first is to distinguish the meaning of paragraphs; The second is to emphasize the key points.
You can't do three paragraphs, usually about six paragraphs.
Requirements: ① The hierarchical paragraphs are clear; 2 transition to nature, don't deliberately pursue the transition to nature, write a lot of words that have nothing to do with the theme; (3) Start and end nursing.
Sixth, the language should be fluent.
"Studying hard is expensive, and writing is smooth and self-sufficient." Language should be fluent, concise and profound.
Narrative language can be divided into narrative language and character language. Narrative language is used to describe the six elements, and it is forbidden to mix words and expressions, which will damage the meaning because of the text.
Example: "I have put the explanation in the narrative." Edit the style of classical Chinese vernacular novels into narrative.
Example: A row of tall classrooms (Jiuzhen Primary School 76 years ago) stands beside Tianzao Highway.
Characters' language must be life-oriented, in line with the characters' identity, personality and speaking occasions.
Example: Mother-in-law Zhang said, "The Party's policies warm people's hearts, and our farmers' lives are getting better and better. "(Now that the policy is good, our farmers' life is booming day by day. )
Seven, feelings should be true.
Let readers believe that the content of your article is true and credible (reasonable "lying" is allowed), and think that the author is a Tianmen middle school student in 2 1 century.
1, I left my hometown for twenty years and finally went home today. -Am I an overseas traveler? -It's a novel.
Example 2, I walk on the platform of 10 meter-Tianmen is definitely not, unless your grandmother's home is in a big city.
Example 3, "Precious Gift" Xiaogang and I go to school. We were knocked down by a military vehicle when crossing the street, and we were in a coma for three days and nights. My uncle guarded me for three days and nights. When he left, he gave me the five-pointed star on his military cap. (1, the five-pointed star cannot be sent; 2. What about your family? 3. How can the People's Liberation Army not go out for three days? )
Example 4: Zhang Bibo wrote to accompany his father to the purchasing station to sell cotton. His father has connections. He sells quickly and sells at a high price. The teacher gave 98 points-actually convinced the teacher that he was absolute and the result was fiction-and allowed to lie reasonably.
Eight, the beginning should be wonderful.
"Phoenix head, pork belly, leopard tail." The phoenix head is small and beautiful, the pork belly is thick and heavy, and the leopard tail is thin and strong.
"It starts like firecrackers, and the sudden sound is easy to cut, and it ends like a bell. The sound is more than enough, but the strength is insufficient."
Don't pretend to be empty from the beginning. For example, in A Little Thing, time flies, and the sun and the moon fly like a shuttle. In a blink of an eye, I have gone through fifteen spring and autumn periods of my life. These fifteen years are only a short moment in the long river of history, but for me, it is a long time. During this period, I experienced many things, including national affairs and family affairs. Many things don't have many traces in my mind, only one little thing is printed in my heart. (-winding)
There are three or five pause sentences at the beginning, and there are two ways to get to the point.
1. Words in the title or similar contents related to the meaning of the title words appear at the beginning. Life's examination paper: "Life is a fair and strict examiner, and he often puts a series of difficult problems in front of us."
It's best to start with things and go straight to the point.
Unfortunately: "Xiaoming dropped out of school." I heard everyone talking as soon as I entered the classroom.
Nine, the ending should be no problem
Use less discussion to prevent the article from expressing its meaning.
Use less lyricism to prevent insincere and unnatural feelings.
Don't be arrogant at will. As long as the character says a "lie", the whole character and story will be unbelievable.
Generally, visual description is used to suggest the theme. Example: (After doing my ideological work, I walked out of the teacher's room) ... There was a breeze blowing head-on, and I felt relaxed all over. Looking up, there is a crescent moon in the blue sky grinning at me.
The article style of Reader is worth emulating.
Ten, the words should be neat.
Words are the clothes of scholars. Use words neatly and correctly.
An exam-oriented composition can be about 750 words.
Thirdly, several basic stylistic forms of composition.
How to write a thing
① Determine a clear, single, active and healthy center.
(2) At the beginning, it is best to start from something or go straight to the point.
③ Write down the six elements of the event.
Time: including concrete time or abstract concept of time. Such as "The other day" and "Early Winter". The explanation of time should be conducive to highlighting the center of the article. For example, The Trust of Comrades: In the Dark Night-highlights the atmosphere of white terror.
Location: It is the geographical environment in which the incident occurred, and it is generally indispensable.
Character: It is advocated to use one person to write what I see, hear and feel, so that the article is more real. You can also use three people.
Reason: (omitted)
What happened: (Write in detail) Things depend on life, pay attention to the description of the characters, and write the performance of the characters in the event. The methods of character description include appearance description, language description, detail description, action description, expression description and psychological description. The abbreviation is: the foreign language is ok, touching the heart. It can also be described by scenery. Scenery description can start from the following aspects: color, shape, taste, sound, dynamics and brightness. Abbreviations: color, taste, sound and light. All descriptions must be close to the center, not for description.
Result: Point out or imply the meaning of the event.
Second, how to write a person
① Establish a clear, single, active and healthy center.
For example, my mother has the characteristics of "diligence", "frugality", "filial piety", "deep understanding of righteousness, support for my study" and "full of social love". We should write a composition of about 750 words for the exam, as long as we grasp "diligence" or "deep understanding of righteousness and support my study" or another point, and write it with a concrete and vivid thing. Do not rule out writing two or three things, but you must focus on one of them, combining point with surface.
(2) People mainly write a concrete and vivid thing because of the performance of things.
How to be "concrete": write the six elements clearly and design a more reasonable "difficult" protagonist to solve them. To write about the changes of personal thoughts or things, we should not only compare them before and after, but also write about the reasons and processes of the changes.
How to achieve "vivid": using various description techniques, frontal description and profile description, character description and scenery description.
Third, how to write a short essay on the material (or after reading it)
Briefly described as four steps: introduction, discussion, connection and conclusion.
(1) Introduction: Briefly describe the material and introduce the "feeling point" (that is, "center" or "argument").
② Discussion: Deduct "feeling points" and analyze materials.
(3) contact: connect with reality and demonstrate the "emotional point" (pay attention to quoting the words in the raw materials according to the situation to reflect the characteristics of the feeling after reading, so as to avoid the article going out of line)
Conclusion: Call for a conclusion, whatever.
How to write a propositional argumentative essay (about 750 words)
First, ask questions.
One method: make it clear from the beginning, come straight to the point and reveal the argument directly;
Method 2: quote famous sayings;
Method 3: describe the phenomenon or tell a story;
Method 4: Use comparison and analogy;
Method 5: Explain the concept.
Second, analyze the problem (why do you want to demonstrate).
1, demonstrated by positive and negative facts and analysis of facts.
(1) according to the situation, you can write positive or negative first (generally, you have to finish one aspect before writing another; You don't have to write on both sides)
(2) There should not be too many facts, and attention should be paid to the combination of point and surface (facts refer to well-known representative events and historical facts, etc.). ). Pay attention to the application of general facts; You can also consider using facts in the prose you have studied (in a broad sense). Facts generally say ancient times first, then modern times)
(3) When describing the facts, you must withhold the arguments (not vividly, but of course not excluding them, if you withhold the arguments).
(4) Be sure to deduct the arguments and analyze the listed facts.
2, can be combined with the above discussion, from the front of the association, in depth and breadth to demonstrate (according to the need, you can quote famous aphorisms at will)
3, contact with reality (generally talk about social life with negative phenomena, talk about middle school students' life-more contact with our middle school students' life reality, so as to better reflect the significance of the argumentative paper written).
Third, solve the problem (how to demonstrate).
Draw a conclusion, issue a call, and emphasize the argument again.
Fourth, the composition of evaluation.
Regarding composition correction, let's first look at an article written by Wei Shusheng, a famous educator: Composition-Students Correct each other.
What is the hardest job for a Chinese teacher? Many teachers replied that they were correcting their compositions.
I taught two classes, and the compositions of each class were collected. These are two mountains. Teachers said that the foolish old man moved mountains, and the gods were sent to move two mountains. But the two mountains in front of me are moving back and forth, and I really don't know when and when it will end.
From March 1979, I mobilized my gods to move these two mountains together.
At first, some people talked about me, saying that I was lazy, that my students' level was low, and that my writing level would decline. But I know, I know that students are more careful and more motivated than me in correcting compositions. Most students pay more attention to the comment on writing written by their classmates than they did to my comment on writing before. In this case, students' grades will definitely improve.
Sure enough, half a year has passed and our class is far ahead. What do leaders and parents care about?
The only thing is grades. Students have high grades and are active in learning. Although they don't understand your method, they won't interfere.
Since then, I haven't corrected a student's composition for ten years and eight months. I know that if I approve one fifth or one tenth, students' writing level will definitely be higher than now, but in order to prove that teachers can improve students' writing level without approving, I have always insisted on not approving one.
Can students learn to correct? The answer is yes. Can poor students learn? You can.
1, how to change the composition?
I gradually ask students to write specific comments from the following ten aspects, with 5 points for each aspect and 50 points for 10.
① Whether the format is correct. Just entering school, let students feel that it is not difficult to write a comment on the composition, so write a comment in a format. When approving the composition, it is also a lottery, and anyone can draw anyone. Open the composition to see if it is correct, then take out a red pen and write a comment: the format is correct. Deduction method is used for examination and approval, and this item is not deducted. This article has a full score of 50.
(2) Whether the roll surface is neat. Obviously, you can look at this one again. When a backward classmate corrects someone else's composition and points out that the paper is untidy, pay attention to the paper next time he writes his own composition.
(3) a few typos. It is necessary to mark typos in the original text, write them in the comment on writing, and then write orthography at the back. Some careless students can't pick out typos. What should I do? We will do assembly line work. Party A, Party B, Party C and Party D take turns to examine and approve an article. A batch of six typos, B found that there were not six typos in this article, but seven, so A had to write an explanation of 100 to explain why this typo was missed. C also found that there are eight typos in this article, and students A and B should be held accountable, each with a hundred words to explain. This makes careless students become serious, holding a big dictionary in their hands when correcting, for fear of missing typos. If typos are found, every two points will be deducted 1 point, and a maximum of 5 points will be deducted. If it exceeds 10, it will not be deducted.
(4) There are several ill sentences. Pick out the sick sentences in a composition, underline all the sick sentences, write down where the disease is, and then write down a few sick sentences in the comment after the text. Every sentence is reduced by 1 point, reduced by 5 points, and will not be reduced again.
⑤ There are several obvious mistakes in punctuation. Emphasize the use of periods, quotation marks, exclamation points and question marks.
Use. Where there are obvious mistakes, one point will be deducted 1 point; if it exceeds 5 points, no points will be deducted.
The above five items are the minimum requirements for writing an article. Students can master these requirements by revising three or four articles. After mastering it skillfully, then transition to the last five requirements.
6. See if the center of the article is clear and the key points are prominent. These two points were specifically discussed in the composition guidance. When correcting guidance, combine two or three specific examples to guide, and students can recognize that it is in line with reality.
⑦ Look at the choice of articles. Including three points: 1) whether it is around the center; 2) Whether it conforms to the reality of life; 3) Whether it is typical. Emphasize the first of these three points. With the improvement of composition level, the typical requirements of material selection are put forward.
Look at the structure of the article. Including three points: 1) whether the paragraphs at the level are clear; 2) Whether the transition is natural; 3) Whether the beginning and the end are coordinated.
Pet-name ruby look at the expression. Mainly depends on whether it meets the requirements of composition guidance. If writing the narrative "He has made progress" needs narrative discussion, is this article done? Writing an expository article "Reed" requires that there are descriptive elements in the description, and there are no descriptive elements in the text. Writing the essay Ode to Hometown requires the combination of narrative, argumentative and lyric. How about the combination in the article?
Attending to see whether the language is concise, smooth and profound.
Concise language means no repetition, no verbosity and conciseness. Fluency means that the article reads smoothly without bumping. Profound means that the insights of the article are incisive and can grasp the essence of things or problems.
The last five requirements, each with 5 points, are not too specific, and will be reduced by the reviser as appropriate. In most cases, correcting compositions is carried out in Chinese class, with the guidance of teachers and mutual approval by students. Everyone should write ten specific comments in the composition book. The length of a general comment should be as much as one page of a composition book. The most comment on writing, some reached 500 words.
A classmate asked me, "Teacher, guess what class I like best?" "It's either sports or art!" "They are all wrong. I like correcting compositions best. " "Why?" "I am especially willing to read other people's compositions and I am very willing to find fault with others."
1984, I asked the students in my two classes to vote: Is the teacher's score on the composition good or not?
Is to correct each other. *** 106 students voted, and 98 people thought it was good to correct each other. Only eight students think that the teacher has changed well. As for these eight students, they are all students who have just arrived in the class and have not tasted the sweetness of correcting each other.
2. What are the advantages of students correcting each other's compositions?
After many correcting exercises, students not only accurately remember the basic requirements of writing, but also have a deeper understanding of these requirements. He will instruct others how to write and how not to write, which will naturally enhance his writing ability.
Everyone has the opportunity to read many students' compositions, so it is easy to find and learn from others' strengths. It is also a good thing to absorb other shortcomings. Students' ideas have the opportunity to communicate and be open to each other.
(3) Every time the composition is changed, the lottery is generally changed to another person, and each person only approves one copy, so the burden is not heavy. Every time they change people, the approved people are fresh and interested. Every time my composition is revised and approved, it is certainly fresh and positive to see my classmates' comments on myself. It enhances students' ability to find mistakes, and also makes the atmosphere of research and learning between students more intense.
(4) Teachers only look at the results of some students' comment on writing, which of course saves a lot of time. The time saved can be used to study new teaching methods and further improve the efficiency of teaching and educating people.
If you observe carefully, you can also find more benefits of cross-grade composition. There is no denying that cross-checking composition will have disadvantages, especially in classes where students' self-reliance ability is not strong. But the results of my ten years' practice tell me that the advantages of mutual criticism far outweigh the disadvantages.
I will never go back to the old road that was overwhelmed by two big mountains. If there is any change, it is to explore better, more scientific and more time-saving correction methods.
Wei Shusheng's experience enlightens us that students' subjectivity and teachers' dominance should be fully reflected in education and teaching activities. In composition evaluation, we should do the following:
1, so that every student has the opportunity to experience the success and happiness of being a primary teacher.
2. Specific methods to guide students to evaluate and revise their compositions.
Can be combined with the "ten essentials of composition" to refine the specific requirements. Ten Essentials of Composition 10, *** 100.
(1) The examination questions should be accurate. Mainly depends on whether the genre and expression meet the requirements. For example, an event, a person, should be written as a narrative, and the expression should be mainly narrative, not discussion. The score is divided into three grades: average, good and very good, which are 5 points, 8 points and 10 points respectively. The following articles (except article 6 and article 10) are similar.
② The materials should be new. Materials in line with the center, 8 points.
(3) Think deeply. Clear thinking, concentration, positive and healthy, below 8 points, if you can further deepen your thinking, score 10 points.
(4) the idea should be clever. If you are clever in plot structure and layout, score less than 8 points; if you are clever in creative conception, score 10.
⑤ The paragraphs should be clear. It requires clear levels, clear paragraphs and natural transition.
⑥ Language should be fluent. Language fluency and naturalness are required. If there is a sick sentence, deduct 1 point, and 5 points will not be deducted.
⑦ Feelings should be true. If the article is really touching, score 10.
End with a good start. Start with something or go straight to the point, usually three or five pause sentences.
Pet-name ruby to the essence. be the same as the above
Attending the word should be neat. 0.5 points will be deducted for each typo, and no points will be deducted after 5 points are deducted. Cleanliness is set to 5 points.
"Ten Essentials of Composition", as a requirement for correcting composition, is only a big framework. In the specific implementation process, teachers should combine the specific requirements and key points of each composition to further strengthen guidance.
3. Be a good judge
After correcting the composition, students should sign their names and return them to the author himself. Is the author's evaluation of his classmates "agree" or "disagree"? What are the reasons for disagreement? Write it clearly and sign it. The teacher should give each composition two evaluation results: give the author a score, give the reader a score, such as A+, A, B+, B and so on. Evaluation results should be based on incentive measures. It can be stipulated that the composition reaches 95 points and is excellent once; Every 1 minute, add it again. Get an A+ in the evaluation, and remember to be excellent once. Teachers should let more than one-third of the students remember "excellent" once at a time, especially when teachers guide the composition evaluation and ask students to redo as required, and more than 80% of the students get excellent. Students register the scores of each composition and the grades of their classmates respectively. Excellent composition and excellent evaluation can be circulated in turn.
4. The focus of counseling students' composition should be to guide the ideas and methods of composition.