-China Nanjing Provisional Government Formulated Provisional Constitution 65438+At the end of 2009 and the beginning of the 20th century, China bourgeoisie stepped onto the historical stage and launched a series of armed uprisings. The Revolution of 1911 was one of the greatest revolutions, which overthrew the feudal monarchy, established the bourgeoisie and the state, and made the concept of democracy deeply rooted in people's hearts.
In the 26th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1900), Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the Boxer Rebellion was suppressed, and the Qing government signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" with the great powers. In exchange for the support of imperialism, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty did not hesitate to betray their country and seek glory, squeezing the people and arousing the resistance of the people throughout the country. In order to ease the contradiction, the Qing court was forced to announce the reform and implement the New Deal, and focused on compiling and training new troops to suppress the revolutionary movement. Yuan Shikai, the minister of Beiyang, took advantage of the opportunity of training the new army to continuously expand his strength, which was suspected by the royal family and deepened the contradictions within the ruling group.
At the same time, the bourgeoisie in China began to step onto the historical stage, and revolutionaries everywhere organized revolutionary groups in succession. 1905, Zhong Xing society, Huaxing society and revolutionaries from various provinces jointly established China League in Tokyo, Japan, elected Sun Yat-sen as prime minister, and Huang Xing as a common servant, put forward the revolutionary program of "expelling Tatars, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and sharing land rights", raised the banner of armed revolution, and formulated the principle of "taking Guangdong and Guangxi as the base first, then marching north, and taking it directly."
To this end, the alliance organized several armed uprisings. The uprising was divided into two stages: the first stage was dominated by the Hui people's party, such as the uprisings in Liu Ping, Hunan and Jiangxi, Huanggang in Chaoshan, Guangdong, Qinv Lake in Nanguan, Fangcheng Town, Qinzhou, Guangxi, Shangsi Uprising in Qinzhou, Guangdong, and Hekou Uprising in Yunnan. These uprisings, which started and ended, failed; In the second stage, the new army was mainly mobilized, such as the Ma Paoying Uprising in Anqing, Anhui Province and the Guangzhou New Army Uprising Army, which also died halfway because of lax organization. Undaunted, Sun Yat-sen and others are determined to mobilize the strength of the whole party and launch another uprising in Guangzhou. On May 6th, 19 1 1, four roads of this plan will be launched at the same time. As a result, only a death squad led by Huang Xing 120 people broke into the Governor's Office. After several battles, most of them died, and 72 martyrs' remains were buried in Honghuagang (later renamed Huanghuagang), a famous "Huanghuagang Uprising".
Uprising led by the League in South China was frustrated again and again, which caused dissatisfaction among some members. They organized the Central General Association of the League to carry out revolutionary movements in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Hubei Revolutionary Group Literature Society and * * * Progressive Association started as a new army and accumulated powerful revolutionary forces.
19 1 1 year, the Qing government implemented the "railway state-owned policy", in fact, it sold the railway rights to imperialism in the name of "state-owned". This move has a sharp conflict with the economic interests of the people in various provinces, local gentry, businessmen and constitutionalists. Sichuan people launched the road protection movement. 1911June, Comrade Lu Bao was established in Chengdu, with100000 participants. In September, the struggle developed to the province's resistance to food and donations, and tens of thousands of people marched to petition the governor. Zhao Erfeng, the governor of Sichuan, opened fire on unarmed people, killing more than 30 people on the spot, causing a shocking "Chengdu bloody case". Therefore, the people of Sichuan quickly held an armed riot in Sichuan. The Qing court ordered Duan Fang to take troops from Hubei to suppress it, and the gunfire of Wuchang Uprising rang out from Hubei.
Hubei revolutionaries were originally scheduled to hold an uprising on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month (65438+10.6), but they were postponed because they were not prepared. On October 9th, 65438/KLOC-0, Sun Wu accidentally made a bomb explosion in Hankou Russian Concession, and the secret organ of Wuchang Uprising was destroyed. Governor Huguang imposed martial law on the whole city, and the situation suddenly became tense. The revolutionaries decided to start the uprising at once.
10 10 night, the revolutionary army of the eighth battalion of the new army project fired the first shot of the uprising. They killed counter-revolutionary officers who suppressed the uprising, and dozens of people rushed to the armory of Chuwangtai to grab ammunition. The revolutionary soldiers of the armory garrison responded to the news and occupied Chu Wangtai in one fell swoop. Then, students from about five battalions of infantry, artillery and military academy revolted one after another, gathered at Chuwangtai, and temporarily elected the former Japanese announcer and captain tachileik as commander to attack the government office. Revolutionary soldiers fought bloody battles all night and occupied important organs such as the governor's yamen and the imperial treasury. Governor Huguang fled to the warship anchored in the Yangtze River in a hurry. The insurgents occupied Wuchang City overnight and won their first victory. 1 1 night, 12 morning, the new troops stationed in Hanyang and Hankou revolted one after another, and the three towns of Wuchang were completely controlled by the revolutionary army.
After the success of Wuchang Uprising, a military government was established. Because the victory of Wuchang Uprising came too fast, Sun Yat-sen was far away from abroad, and Huang Xing and other League leaders were in Hong Kong, Shanghai and other places, but they could not catch up with Wuhan for a while. Some leaders who directly organized the uprising were not in Wuhan; Some are injured; Some sacrifices. The insurgents didn't realize the importance of mastering political power, mistakenly thought that people with prestige and status in the society should come out to organize the government, and pushed the new army 2 1 to be a mixed society, with Li as the commander-in-chief of the Hubei army, issued a declaration, changed the country name to the Republic of China, and called on the provinces to revolt. The military government quickly expanded its army into five associations and strengthened the defense of three towns in Wuhan.
After learning the news of Wuchang Uprising, the Qing court sent Yin Chang, the secretary of the army, to lead a new army and the navy prefect Sazhenbing to lead a fleet to suppress it. Subsequently, Yuan Shikai was appointed as an imperial envoy to replace Feng as the president of the First Army. Huang Xing went to the front and led the revolutionary army against the attack of the Qing army. He persisted in the struggle for more than 40 days, and Hankou and Hanyang successively fell. The defense of Hankou and Hanyang bought time for the provinces to deal with Wuchang Uprising. In just over a month, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Yunnan, Jiangxi, Shanghai, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Guangxi, Fujian, Anhui, Guangdong and other provinces have successively declared independence. This revolutionary torrent dealt a heavy blow to the Qing Dynasty.
10 10 12, the revolutionary army occupied Nanjing. 1 91265438+1October1,the provisional government of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing.
In February, the meeting elected Sun Yat-sen as interim president and Li as vice president. 19 12 On New Year's Day, Sun Yat-sen went to Nanjing to take office as interim president, announced the formal establishment of the Republic of China, and changed the Gregorian calendar to mark the era of the Republic of China. In addition to the revolutionaries, the Nanjing Provisional Government also has constitutionalists and old bureaucrats, but the real power of the government is basically in the hands of the revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen. The Nanjing Provisional Government has formulated the Provisional Constitution, which is a document with bourgeois nature and China's constitutional nature. It is stipulated that the sovereignty of the Republic of China belongs to all citizens, and all ethnic groups are equal and enjoy various democratic and free rights such as residence and speech. It also stipulates the basic principles of the bourgeois state system and has the spirit of bourgeois democracy.
After the Wuchang Uprising broke out, the Qing government revived Yuan Shikai, who was deposed by the Qing court, to suppress the revolution and safeguard the rule of the Qing dynasty. With the support of imperialism, Yuan Shikai stole the fruits of the victory of the Revolution of 1911 by despicable means. For the Qing government, the revolution was used to force the palace; At the same time, he sent people to the south for peace talks, expressed his support for * * * by deception, induced revolutionaries to hand over political power, and became the interim president of the Republic of China. Sun Yat-sen, under the pressure of the attack of Chinese and foreign forces and the compromise within the revolutionary camp, said that if the Qing emperor abdicated, Yuan Shikai would certainly agree to * * *, and he could be given the post of interim president. Yuan Shikai turned to force the Qing emperor to abdicate after receiving the guarantee that the southern government agreed to cede power. 19 12 February 12, Emperor Xuan Tong abdicated; 13 Sun Yat-sen resigned; /kloc-in June of 0/4, the Senate elected Yuan Shikai as interim president; 191March 10, Yuan Shikai took office as the provisional president of the Republic of China in Beijing. The fruits of the victory of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, and bourgeois democracy died.