List of official positions of East and West Factories in Qing Dynasty?

The leader of the East Factory is called the eunuch of the East Factory, also known as the factory official or governor, and is the second person among eunuchs after Li Si. Usually, the eunuchs in charge of the ceremony are the second and third divisions, and the official title is abbreviated as "Imperial eunuch in the East Factory" or "Prefect in the East Factory". One of the subordinate officers of the East Factory is in charge of thousands of punishments, and the other is in charge of hundreds of punishments. They are served by thousands of Royal Guards, and they are called the officers who stick to punishments. In addition, there are more than 40 supervisors, foremen and clerks assigned by the Royal Guards. They were divided into twelve maids and maids. Each housekeeper wore a round hat, soap boots and a brown shirt. Others have the same boots and hats, but they wear straight bodies. Specifically responsible for detective work is the service director and fan service. The service chief is equivalent to the monitor, also known as the "platoon leader". * * *, more than one hundred people, also divided into twelve ugly heads, all wearing pointed hats, white boots, brown clothes and small tapestries. The commander-in-chief of the service has served many times and is also known as "Fan Zi" and "Director". These people are also composed of elites selected by the Royal Guards. The East Factory is not only more lean and reasonable in organization and personnel allocation, but also has formulated a quite strict system in investigation and operation. For example, on the first day of each month, the East Factory should concentrate on the investigation of the month, and the factory attendant will draw lots in the East Factory to decide the site he is responsible for. It can be found in the literature that the types of work in the East Factory have special names. For example, people who monitor officials of various ministries in North Korea and Jin Yiwei's interrogation of criminals are called "listening records", people who visit local officials are called "sitting records", people who record what an official has done, or people who arrest important criminals at the gate of a city are called "fighting things". The first owner of the East Factory can no longer take the exam. "History of the Ming Dynasty Chengzu III" records that "in the year of setting up the East Factory, the official was attacked." Wang Zhen, Liu Jin, Feng Bao and Wei Zhongxian, great eunuchs in Ming Dynasty, once commanded the East Factory. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, Dongchang also had its own prison.

[Edit this paragraph] Functions of East Factory

The function of the East Factory is to "seek rebellion and abuse". And have the power with a security guard ". A person in charge was given the power to arrest and visit spies. At first, Dongchang was only responsible for investigating and arresting people, and had no right to interrogate prisoners. The arrested suspects should be handed over to the security department of North Town of Jinyiwei for interrogation. But in the late Ming Dynasty, Dongchang also had its own prison. Dongchang monitors various political forces such as government officials, celebrities and scholars, and has the right to report the monitoring results directly to the emperor. According to the information obtained from the monitoring, Dongchang can directly arrest and interrogate those political opponents with lower status without judicial trial; As for whether the opposition is a senior government official or a royal aristocrat, Dongchang can also arrest and interrogate with the authorization of the Emperor. The investigation scope of Dongchang is very wide. The information obtained by the East Factory can be reported directly to the emperor, which is much more convenient than that the Royal Guards have to report by letter. The imperial court came to try major cases, and the North Town of Royal Guards tortured repeat offenders, and the East Factory sent people to listen. Every government office in the imperial court had staff from the East Factory on duty to monitor the officials' every move. Some important government documents, such as various side newspapers and Tang newspapers of the Ministry of War, were sent by the East Factory to check the daily life of ordinary people, and the prices of daily necessities were also within the scope of the East Factory's reconnaissance. Just a few people, killing people to death, but the law is not beautiful. Give in and do it until you can't. It's a pity to hear the hands of a soldier and an official. ""The establishment of the East Factory began with Chengzu. The prison of Jinyiwei was used by Taizu, but it has been banned since then, and the reuse began in Yongle. Factory guards depend on each other, so the speaker is also called factory guards. "

Factory Wei, a reconnaissance agency of the Ming Dynasty. Factories refer to East Factories, West Factories and domestic large factories; Wei refers to the Royal Guards. Collectively referred to as factory guards. Dongchang was established in the north of Dong 'anmen in Beijing in the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1420). West Factory is located in the old ash factory in the 13th year of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty (1477). Daxian Factory was built in the early years of Zheng De in Ming Dynasty. The Royal Guards were originally the Palace Guard and the Imperial Guard. They were established in the 15th year of Hongwu (1382). The factory guards were the secret service political organizations of the Ming Dynasty, and were the eyes, ears and minions of the emperor. Most of the leaders of East-West factories or large internal factories are eunuchs. Commander Royal Guards is the emperor's confidant, with 17 government offices and offices in Nanbei Town. The functions and powers of the factory are basically the same as those of the guard, but the Royal Guards are foreign ministers and need to deal with eunuchs. They are not as close as the East Factory, so the power of the factory is greater than that of the guard. Royal Guards monitored all officials, factory monitoring officials and Royal Guards, internal factory monitoring officials and factory guards, and the Emperor directly led and supervised all reconnaissance agencies, forming a whole system of reconnaissance spy agencies. Factory guards can directly accept petitions without going through judicial organs, arrest officials and people, and use cruel punishment to make everyone in the ruling and opposition feel insecure. Dongchang, Xichang and Wei Jinyi were the secret service agencies set up in the Ming Dynasty outside the three judicial organs, namely, the Ministry of Punishment, Duchayuan and Dali Temple. They were directly subordinate to the emperor and were in charge of the "royal prison". Royal Guards, the emperor's bodyguard organization. Formerly known as Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, it was set up by the Imperial Archway and the Guard Department. In the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1369), it was changed to the imperial court, and in the fifteenth year, the Royal Guards were established as the military organization of the emperor. The West Factory only existed for a short time in the history of the Ming Dynasty, and a new imperial institution, the West Factory, was established during the Chenghua period in Ming Xianzong. Its power even exceeds that of the old East Factory. The West Factory was cancelled only five months after its establishment and resumed in Ming Xianzong only 1 month later. After Emperor Wuzong of Ming Dynasty succeeded to the throne, eunuch Liu Jin came to power, eunuch forces revived, the West Factory reopened, Liu Jin fell, and Wu Zongcai ordered the West Factory to be revoked. As a temporary product, the West Factory disappeared forever in history. The leader of the Royal Guards is called the Commander-in-Chief (or Commander-in-Chief), usually a military commander close to the emperor, and rarely a eunuch. Belongs to the foreign minister. The leaders of the East Factory and the West Factory are eunuchs, that is, internal ministers. In the relationship with Royal Guards, Dongchang came from behind. Because the owner of the East Factory has a close relationship with the emperor and is located in the palace, it is easier to gain the trust of the emperor. Royal Guards reported to the Emperor that if you want to play the music, the East Factory can say so. The emperor also gave the supervisor of the East Factory the power to supervise the security personnel. The relationship between Dongchang and Jinyiwei has gradually changed from the same level to the superior-subordinate relationship. In the era when eunuchs were in power, the commander of the Royal Guards even knelt down and kowtowed when he saw the boss of the East Factory. East Factory, West Factory and Royal Guards have similar monitoring, investigation and suppression of officials' illegal activities. That is, "patrolling." In short, due to the inherent needs of the authoritarian regime, the emperor needs a force independent of the bureaucratic system for his own use. Dongchang, Xichang and Wei Jinyi are all such institutions.