One night in June 399 BC, a 70-year-old man was about to be executed in Athens prison. I saw him in rags and barefoot, but his face was very calm. After seeing off his wife and family, he chatted with some friends, Kan Kan, who seemed to have forgotten the upcoming execution. It was not until the jailer brought in a cup of poisonous juice that he stopped talking, picked up the cup and drank it at once. After that, he lay down, smiled and said to his friend who came to say goodbye, he ate the chicken from his neighbor's house and hasn't paid him yet. Please give it back to him. With that, the old man closed his eyes peacefully and fell asleep. This old man is the great philosopher Socrates. Socrates (470- 399 BC) is not only a famous philosopher in ancient Greece, but also a historical celebrity with distinctive personality, which has been praised and praised by people since ancient times. His father is a stonemason and sculptor, and his mother is a midwife. As a teenager, Socrates studied handicrafts with his father, became familiar with Homer's epic and other famous poets, and became a self-taught scholar. He made a living by imparting knowledge. In his thirties, he became a social morality teacher who didn't get paid or run a library. Many children from rich families and poor families often gather around him to learn from him and be Puritans. Socrates often said, "I only know that I know nothing." He spent most of his life outdoors. He likes to talk with people in various fields, such as war, politics, friendship, art, ethics and so on, in public places such as markets, sports fields and streets. He fought in the war three times, served as a heavy infantry, and helped injured soldiers in battle more than once. Around the age of 40, he became a household name in Athens. Socrates lived a hard life all his life. No matter how cold it is, he wears an ordinary thin coat, often wears no shoes and doesn't pay attention to food. But he didn't seem to notice it, just buried himself in his studies. Socrates' theory is mysterious. He believes that the existence, development and destruction of all things in the world are arranged by God, who is the master of the world. He opposed the study of nature as blasphemy. He advocates that people know how to be human and live a moral life. His philosophy mainly studies and discusses ethical issues. Socrates was born into a middle-class family in Athens. He inherited a sculpture studio from his father. His mother is a midwife. Socrates is ugly, short, stumbling and has a special personality. He was a brave and tenacious soldier in the Peloponnesian War. He usually lives like a wise man and takes it as his duty to educate young people. His dialogue teaching method also has the demeanor of a wise man, but he is essentially different from the wise man: he never charges tuition fees, and he is more opposed to sophistry and specious rhetoric. He claims to be a man without wisdom, not a man with wisdom. Although there is only one word difference between "people who love wisdom" and "people with wisdom", their meanings are fundamentally different. The former refers to the philosopher who pursues the certainty of truth, while the latter refers to the wise man who makes money by showing off his knowledge. For Socrates, philosophy is not a purely speculative private matter, but his obligation to the polis. In this sense, he claimed to be a sacred gadfly who criticized the shortcomings of the times. There were two great educators in the ancient world, Confucius in China and Socrates in Greece, which are still praised by the world today. Socrates' family was not rich. His father was a sculptor and his mother was a midwife. As a teenager, he once held the ideal of inheriting his father's footsteps, studied sculpture, and finally stopped because he was not interested. But I like studying philosophy, astronomy and geometry. Sue's wife's name is sang xipi, and her name is quite fierce. The relationship between husband and wife is not harmonious because the host sits in the streets of Athens all day, or in front of the temple, giving lectures to ordinary young people. He neither wants to practice medicine, nor does he have any other occupation to make a living, nor does he care about his wife and children. Therefore, in the eyes of his wife, Socrates is an idle person, a slacker who will only bring trouble but not bread. Sue often calls herself "the gadfly", and so does his wife. The gadfly is a fly that sucks blood from cattle. She compared her husband to a vampire in the family. But whenever Candiba flew into a rage, the great philosopher always protested silently, which made the tough wife often feel that heroes were useless. It is said that once, when Sue's silent protest was still going on, his wife was very angry. She threw a bucket of water on her husband's head. The master just smiled and said, "I know it will rain after thunder." Socrates' story One evening more than 2,400 years ago, the great philosopher Socrates came to a wheat field with his three disciples. " Now, you go to the wheat field and pick one that you think is the most full. Everyone has only one chance, and you can't change it if you choose it. "Three disciples walked forward happily. The first disciple didn't go far when he saw an ear of wheat, which was picked like a treasure. However, the farther he walked, the more he found that the ears of wheat in front were far fuller than those in his hands. He came back in chagrin. The second disciple learned the lesson of the previous disciple. Every time he sees a barley ear, he always takes back his outstretched hand: the barley ear must be in front. At the end of the wheat field, the empty-handed disciple knew that it was not delicious and wanted to pick one, but he felt that he had missed the most full one. He came back disappointed. The third disciple is very clever. He used the first third of the journey to identify which ear of wheat was full, the last third was used for comparison and judgment, and in the last third of the journey he picked the most full ear of wheat. Naturally, he came back with satisfaction. If we classify Socrates' three disciples, it is obvious that the first one belongs to the category of "doing first". "Do it first, then say it", omitting the thinking process, will inevitably lead to blindness and disorder of behavior, and the result is of course "regret it". The second kind belongs to "wait and see". "Wait and See" is always stuck in the steps of thinking and watching. "I just want to do it" must be empty-handed and "disappointed." The third disciple is "think twice before you act". After having a full understanding of things and enough judgment, he can take his time and of course "go home contentedly".
A famous ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in a family of masons and sculptors not far from Athens, and studied with his father since childhood. Later, he became a soldier and participated in the war three times. Socrates became famous around the age of 40 and attended a meeting of 500 people. Around 399 BC, Socrates was sentenced to death for "disrespecting the gods worshipped by the state and propagating other new gods to corrupt young people". During his imprisonment, his friends bribed the jailer to persuade him to escape, but he was determined to abide by the laws of the country and refused.
Do not run away. Later, he took poison in prison and died at the age of 7O. Socrates did not leave any written works in his life, but his influence was very great. Socrates' theory is mysterious. He thinks that the existence and destruction of things in heaven and earth are specially arranged by God, so it is blasphemous to study nature, so he concentrates on moral issues. Socrates advocated the theory of "the unity of knowledge and action". He believes that correct behavior comes from correct thoughts, and virtue is based on knowledge and comes from knowledge. Without knowledge, it is impossible to be good and there will be no real happiness. In his view, self-knowledge starting from doubting one's own knowledge is the source of knowing virtue. He often likes to say "I know I don't know anything". However, while affirming rational knowledge, he denied the role of perceptual knowledge. Socrates has his own new way of learning knowledge. He asked the other party to correct and give up the original wrong ideas through questions and answers, helping him to produce new ideas. He is good at abstracting universal things from individual things. His dialectical method of proving truth is concrete and relative, which has a great influence on the history of European thought. Politically, Socrates advocates that all walks of life and even state power should be managed by trained, knowledgeable and talented people, and opposes the democracy implemented by the lottery election law.