Question 2: Why is Xia, Shang and Zhou a slave society? What is the essential difference with later generations? The essential feature of slave society is that the main body of social labor force is slaves. And slaves are people who are unpaid and have no personal freedom.
From the establishment of the Xia Dynasty in the 2nd/Kloc-0th century BC to the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in 476 BC, China was a slave society.
The Shang Dynasty from16th century BC to 1 1 th century BC was the development period of slave society.
The Western Zhou Dynasty from 1 1 BC to 77 1 BC was the prosperous period of slave society. Western Zhou rulers practiced enfeoffment system and jingtian system.
During the Spring and Autumn Period from 770 BC to 476 BC, the slave society gradually disintegrated. During this period, the Zhou royal family declined and the princes competed for hegemony. Due to the use of ironware and the appearance of Niu Geng, the productivity increased and the private sector increased, which led to the gradual disintegration of the well-field system based on the slave state-owned land and the collapse of slavery.
Later dynasties were not slave societies because of the development of productive forces, the shrinkage of the central government in Zhou Dynasty ―― the decrease of state-owned land and the increase of private land ―― the decrease of land owned by slave owners ―― the decline of slave owners ―― the decline of slave owners' class ―― the decline of slaves' interests ―― the slaves began to resist ―― the living conditions became better, and their thoughts became active and humanized.
Question 3: What kind of social system was Xia, Shang and Zhou? Slavery society. Slavery in China began in Xia Dynasty and went through Shang Dynasty, Western Zhou Dynasty and Spring and Autumn Period. Slavery gradually disappeared in the Warring States Period, and was completely replaced by feudal system in Qin and Han Dynasties. During the Xia, Shang, Zhou and Qin dynasties, slaves were mostly produced in wars. Civilians captured by the enemy became slaves, and some were demoted to slaves because of crimes, including official slaves and private slaves.
Question 4: What was before Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties? The legend of Three Emperors and Five Emperors belongs to ancient times in China, which is very far away. At that time, there were few written and physical materials circulating, mainly relying on legends, so this period of history has many ambiguities for later generations. Due to the entanglement of the existing data of Dachuan myths and legends in this historical period, it is difficult to judge the authenticity of many things. Based on the comprehensive historical data, it is roughly as follows: The Three Emperors era was about 6,000 years ago to 4,000 years ago, which was the embryonic development period of Chinese civilization. According to historical records, the Dragon Three Emperors era was a period of transition from matriarchal clan society to paternal clan society, and the early Nuwa was often listed as one of Huang San. By the time of the Five Emperors, it was already a patriarchal society, but women still had a high social status, and Lei Zu and other female figures also made great contributions to the development of civilization. The civilization of the Five Emperors era is the continuation of the civilization of the Three Emperors era. Taking characters as an example, it is said that Fuxi created gossip and characters, but in the era of the Yellow Emperor, Cang Xie created characters, and the characters became more and more mature. Dragon worship in Nvwa 、 Fuxi era further developed in Yanhuang era. Legend has it that Yan Di (referring to the last Yan Di) and Huang Didu are descendants of Shennong. Yan Di is the leader of Shennong tribe and the leader of all tribal alliances. At that time, Shennong tribe was in decline, and the Yellow Emperor and Fuxi (some people think that Pangu is Fuxi) tribe had a close inheritance relationship. Later, the Yellow Emperor replaced Yan Di as the son of heaven and became the head of the five emperors. After the Five Emperors, it was Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. About 4000 years ago, in the Five Emperors' era, there was a tribe named Ji in the Yellow River valley. The leader is the Yellow Emperor, who is mainly engaged in agricultural labor. There is also a tribe headed by Emperor Yan called Jiang. Friction often occurs between the two tribes. The two tribes finally broke out in the battle of Hanquan. Huangdi defeated Yandi and the two tribes formed an alliance. Finally, the Yellow Emperor conquered the surrounding tribes. In the era of the Yellow Emperor, Chinese civilization made great progress and Chinese people came into being. The Three Emperors and Five Emperors in Pangu and China ancient myths are all Yellow Emperor. Its name is Pangu: The Yellow Emperor is the first drummer on the earth. Before him, all the clans on the earth did not reach twenty, so his clan leader did not have that great influence! Witches, drums, pigs, and Bajie have no such great influence, so only the Yellow Emperor is Pangu. As for the birthday of the Yellow Emperor, the birthday of the Jade Emperor is different from that of Pangu, which is caused by the difference between legend and calendar. On September 9, 6007 BC, the birthday of the Yellow Emperor was based on the clan calendar, and the first five mountains connected with the peaks meant the sacrifice map of Wufangshan in Baiyun Tuori. At this time, the next month when trees turn green is the first month, and the first quarter is the beginning of the month; On the ninth day of the first month, when the Jade Emperor was called the Jade King, silver moon was changed to open in the first month. When he proclaimed himself emperor, the new moon was the beginning of the month. Because the ancients preferred October, he called his birthday October 16th. Pangu, a great influence on the earth, is the Yellow Emperor, who visited three times and ruled the world. Huangdi invented weaving and clothing when he was young, so people who wear leaves and skins are fake Pangu and fake Huang San! Huang San: Fuxi, whose name is like a fishing net, can be proved to be Fuxi; Its name is Yanhuang, its Rong Xuxuan is Rong Xuxuan, the eighth place is Yan Di Yulong as the Jade King, and the jade Chinese teacher is Yuhua Yusi Hua Xu. All of them have professional figures, which can prove that they are Yanhuang. It is the five emperors: Zhuan Xu, the Yellow Emperor visited the world three times, Zhuan Xu and Zhuan Xu traveled around the world, and what they said outside the sun and the moon can be proved; It is Di Ku, and the place name of Korla is Korla Card; It is Yao, and Yao's flood theory can prove it; It can be proved that Shun invented agriculture, and his short body and moldy black body were tampered with by the other side, and his height was 1.80 meters. The skin color inside the clothes is light yellow! It was Yu who sentenced Xiang Liu to draw lots to kill him, and his theory of drawing lots can prove it. Song Mei Qing is original. The original meaning of "yellow" is "big" and "beautiful", and it is not used as a noun. At the end of the Warring States period, because the word "emperor" of God was used as the title of master, the word "emperor" was used to address God, such as the western emperor, the eastern emperor and God in Chu Ci. At that time, it was also called "Huang San" under the names of emperors, Huangdi and Tai Huang. In Zhou Li, Lv Chunqiu and Zhuangzi, "Three Emperors and Five Emperors" and "Guan Zi" also explain the different meanings of emperor, emperor, king and tyrant respectively, but their names have not been confirmed. The Three Emperors and Five Emperors were the legendary "emperors" in China before the Xia Dynasty. Now it seems that they are all tribal leaders, and they have become the leaders of tribal alliances because of their strength. Qin Shihuang used the titles of "Emperor" of Huang San and "Emperor" of the Five Emperors to show his lofty status. But different historians have different definitions of "Three Emperors and Five Emperors". Huang San has five theories, and so do the five emperors. There are different opinions about who is Huang San and who is the Five Emperors. Basically, whether according to historical records or myths and legends, it is believed that Huang San lived before the Five Emperors ... >>
Question 5: The social situation of Yao Shunyu in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Yu passed on the throne to his son, abolished abdication and established Xia Dynasty, which marked the formation of slave society. We know that the formation of a new society cannot be achieved overnight, and it takes a long time and can only be formed through continuous exploration and innovation. Hegel said, "The owl of Minafa will not take off until dusk". In other words, the understanding of a historical phenomenon needs to be seen clearly after the end of this process. Judging from today, the establishment of the Xia Dynasty could not be separated from the unremitting efforts of leaders such as Yao, Shun and Yu. Their contributions to water control have been passed down through the ages, reflecting that the process of water control is essentially a process in which the Chinese nation casts a unified consciousness, casts a national mentality and cultivates a national spirit of self-improvement. In recent years, after further research by many experts, it is concluded that the silhouette of slave society appeared as early as Yao Shunyu's time.
First, the Yao, Shun and Yu era has already possessed the characteristics of the country.
(1) The army is strong.
The army is the main component of the state power, the armed group that carries out political tasks, and the main violent tool to resist foreign aggression and consolidate the state power. During the Yao, Shun and Yu dynasties, the military factors in military democracy increased, and they were used as tools to wage wars abroad and conquer ancient countries and tribes that dared to resist. According to relevant documents, after the end of the Yanhuang era, the most powerful force in the Central Plains was the Huaxia Tribal Alliance, while the strongest force in the South was the Sanmiao Tribal Alliance, which was active in the south of the Yangtze River. Sanmiao tribe was an unruly and militant tribal people from the beginning. When Yao, Shun and Yu were the leaders of the Huaxia Tribe Alliance, they led their tribes to fight with the Sanmiao Tribe for more than 100 years. Yao fought with Sanmiao in Danyang, defeated Sanmiao, and Shun moved Sanmiao to the south and southwest, but this fundamentally failed to achieve the goal of conquering Sanmiao. Yu, the successor of Shun, saw that Sanmiao was still very powerful in Hanshui River Basin and Hubei Lake Basin, so he concentrated the forces of various tribes to fight Sanmiao. His sphere of influence extended to the Jianghuai Valley, and Sanmiao was forced to retreat. Finally, Dayu completed the unification of the three seedlings. In the Xia Dynasty, an army controlled by the king appeared as a tool to suppress slaves at home and plunder abroad. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, Wang had a relatively strong army, which could dispatch the troops of various clans, countries or vassal States and doctors of the Qing Dynasty, and the role of the army became increasingly prominent.
(2) Legal concepts began to take shape.
Law is an important part of China's ancient political system. The laws of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are slavery laws, which are mainly customary laws and pay equal attention to ceremony and punishment. It embodies the unity of kingship and clan power and permeates theocracy. In fact, as early as the Yao and Shun period, there was the embryonic form of law. According to historical records, the legal system formulated and implemented by Yao, Shun and Yu generations has the right to kill and control different members of the whole society, which undermines the political principle of equal status and disunity among tribes under the alliance system. "History? "Yao Dian" contains: Yao Lao, Shun was in power and made various laws. " Shangshu? Shun Dian: "If you are a scholar, serve five sentences." . Confucius said, "If you are a non-commissioned officer, you can judge his feelings. If all prisoners obey the five punishments, you will know that they have no complaints." "History? Hao Tao's Hume: "Heaven is guilty, and the five punishments are used. "."Mandarin? In Lu language, "using soldiers is a heavy punishment, followed by axes;" Medium punishment, sawing with a knife, followed by drilling; Thin punishment with a whip, with wei ren also. Therefore, the big Zhu Chen belongs to Yuanye, and the small one belongs to the city. Five sentences and three times, nothing to hide. "It can be seen that the formulation and implementation of the legal system is one of the basic functions of the country, and it is also a political guarantee for the monarch and his officials to have and maintain privileges.
(3) A relatively perfect system of selecting and appointing officials.
There are mainly three official selection systems in history: hereditary system, recommendation system and examination system. The selection methods and standards of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are: the world is the home, each family is the son, and each son is the son, and the system of "Shi Qing Shi Lu" is implemented. The selection of officials mainly depends on family background and grade. Imperial officials were appointed by the emperor, and their official positions were handed down from generation to generation. Officials of vassal States are appointed by governors, and their official positions are hereditary. According to documents, during the Yao, Shun and Yu dynasties, the selected people had to be recommended by people with certain social status and appointed and appointed by the monarch before they could perform their duties. "History? Zhou Shu said: "Looking back, Tang Yu had only 100 officials, including 108 and four mountains, except Zhou Mu and Hou Bo. Biography of Kong Anguo: "Yao and Shun built a hundred officials in archaeology. Built-in 108, four mountains, if there are five elements in the sky; The external state shepherds the length of twelve countries and five countries. It can be seen that there were relatively systematic regulations on the selection and appointment of officials at that time.
(4) There are grade differences.
......& gt& gt
Question 6: What is behind Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties? The Eastern Zhou Dynasty was divided into two parts, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which unified the Qin and Han Dynasties and divided Wei Shuwu into three parts. It extended before and after the Jin Dynasty, followed by the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and spread in the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties. After Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the imperial dynasty ended here.
Question 7: What era was Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties? The era of slavery society is also called the ancient three generations.
Question 8: What were the important social systems in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties? What is the feudal hereditary system? In ancient China, the "emperor" distributed the land to relatives or heroes, and the fiefs were called vassal states, fiefs or vassal states, while the monarchs who ruled the fiefs were called vassals and princes.
"Hereditary system" means that after the ancient king abdicated, he transferred the ninth five-year plan of the emperor to his son.
Question 9: Who can talk about the social economy of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties? First of all, I want to make it clear that slavery is not only due to politics.
Slavery should be understood as slavery economy, slavery politics and slavery culture. In other words, slavery is the general feature of politics, economy and culture in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Therefore, it is reasonable that slavery is the main reason for the social and economic development of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
So how should we understand the expression of this sentence? Please analyze from the following three aspects:
1 Politically, the system of enfeoffment and patriarchal clan system laid a political foundation for consolidating the class rule of slave owners and provided a stable social order for the development of slave economy.
Economically, the development of well field system and slave farming technology (such as the planting of basic crops and the application of irrigation technology such as ditching and drainage) stabilized the development of slave economy.
Culturally, the appearance of the Book of Songs, early artists and Oracle Bone Inscriptions promoted the renewal of ideas, and the slave society took a big step forward from primitive society, which promoted the development of human spiritual civilization.
It is not difficult to draw a conclusion from the above three aspects: the main reason for the social and economic development of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties lies in the promotion of slavery. (at the same time, it can also be used as the root cause, because it contains economic factors! ! )
As for what you said, it is written in the information part of the reference book: slave's hard work. Slavery is listed as "the fundamental factor of social and economic development in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties". This question is right (but it is too one-sided, because there are many economic aspects, including production tools, production fields, production technology and a series of production-related categories), but it barely makes sense, because it is a concrete manifestation of the economy. In addition, I don't know if you have any experience: the explanations in reference books are generally fast and accurate, ignoring the detailed knowledge. So, in the future, you will encounter a vague concept, never.
Question 10: What era was Xia, Shang and Zhou called? Bronze Age!