From the introduction of Buddhism into China at the end of the Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, many monasteries were built in various places. According to Fayuan Zhu Lin, there were 3,985 temples in the 47th year of Sui Dynasty. (Dow's Fa Zhu Yuan Lin (Volume 100)) Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the construction of temples must be applied to the government for permission before they can be built. The name of the temple was also issued by the government. The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty Official History records: "There are a number of temples in the world, each with three classes, filled by the highest professional." Another note reads: "Every temple has a person, a temple owner and an apprentice." China Zen Buddhism was introduced from Cao Huineng to Huaihai four times. For more than a hundred years, Zen disciples have only given and received from Taoism, living in caves or in Luzong Temple. By the time of Zhenyuan and Yuanhe in the Tang Dynasty (785-806), Zen was flourishing, and skilled craftsmen often gathered many disciples in one place to practice Zen and preach Taoism. Baizhang Mountain in Fengxin, Jiangxi Province, is a place where many people gather for meditation, regardless of rank. Because the abbot is not in line with the rules, he compromised the size multiplication and creatively set up a meditation residence. This is the beginning of the jungle. The meaning of the jungle, in addition to using the theory of great wisdom quoted before, is considered by the book "The Sound of Zen Forest" as a metaphor for the unscrupulous growth of vegetation, indicating that there are rules in it. It is difficult to know exactly what it means, because the explanations in various books are inconsistent.
The jungle was not large at first, but it developed quite well in the south during the late Tang and Five Dynasties. For example, Hongtou lives in Jingshan, Zhejiang, and Yudao lives in Yunju Mountain, Jiangxi, with more than 1000 monks. Yi lived in Xuefeng, Fuzhou, and there were no fewer than 1,500 Zen disciples in winter and summer (Volume 12 of Biography of Song Monks). By the Song Dynasty, the jungle had been well established, and Zen people also lived in concentrated places. There are more than 1000 people in the famous jungle of the abbot. For example, in the second year of Song Taizu Jianlong (96 1), Yanshou moved to Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou, and moved to Yongming Temple (now Jingci Temple) in the same place, with as many as 2,000 scholars (Volume 26 of Deng Chuanlu in Jingdezhen).
The northern jungle also began to flourish in the Song Dynasty. In the first year of Renzongyou (1049), Li Yunning, an in-service servant, donated the government to build a Buddhist temple, giving the temple the title of "Ten Square Pure Buddhist Temple". Huailian of Lushan Yuantong Temple was appointed as the abbot, and the Shinto was great in Bianjing. God lived in Yuanfeng for five years (1082), and ordered Suoguo Temple in the capital to build two temples, Huilin and Zhihai, which later became the famous jungle in the capital. By the time Zongxi received the Zen Garden Regulations in the second year of Chongning in Song Huizong (1 103), the jungle system had been well prepared.
After the Song Dynasty crossed to the south, famous Zen monks came forth in large numbers and lived in the jungle, all of which were extremely prosperous. For example, Yuan Wu Keqin lives in Yunjushan, Jiangxi, Dahui Gaozong lives in Jingshan, Zhejiang, Hongzhi Zhengjue lives in Zhao Pu Temple in Sizhou and Tiantong Temple in Mingzhou, and Zhen Xieqing lives in Lu Chongfu Temple, the governor of Zhenqing, where there are often more than 1000 people. Therefore, the stone requires Jiangnan Temple to be the Five Mountains and Ten Temples, which shows the prosperity of the jungle. These five temples are Yuhang Jingshan Temple, Hangzhou Lingyin Temple, Jingci Temple, Ningbo Tiantong Temple and Asoka Temple. The ten Zen temples are: Hangzhou Zhongtianzhu Temple, Huzhou Dojo Temple, Wenzhou Jiangxin Temple, Jinhua Shuanglin Temple, Ningbo Xuedou Temple, Taizhou National Assembly Temple, Fuzhou Xuefeng Temple, Jiankang Linggu Temple, Suzhou Manjuji Temple and Suzhou Huqiu Temple.
At first, there were only abbots, Buddhist temples, monk halls and huts in the jungle system. Taking the abbot as the head of the crowd, unless he is in a high position, his way is not strict, so he is respected as an elder and lives in the abbot. Don't build Buddhist temples, just build Buddhist temples. No matter how many Zen people gather, they will enter the monk's hall and arrange in the order of being ordained. The general application method, whether up or down, enables people to participate in productive labor and be self-sufficient, and there are also ten types of jobs (posts), called squatters. Each family employs a person in charge to manage the affairs of the squatter, so that all departments can be divided (Book 6 of Zen Rules of Jingde Dengchuan).
The ten tasks specified in Baizhang Clear Rules are mainly to manage the work of the whole temple. According to legend, Baizhang Purity Rules were spread to Zen temples all over the country, but they were lost in the early Song Dynasty, when they were called ancient Purity Rules. Now I can only see the preface to ancient rules and regulations written by Song Dynasty (see Yuan Dehui's Revision of Rules and Regulations, Volume 8). During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, each temple had its own rules and different contents. Zongshou Zen Master, the successor of Wu Keqin in Song and Yuan Dynasties, made small and clear regulations on daily use, while Yuan and Ming Zen Masters made clear regulations on fantasy living in monasteries. In the second year of Song Chongning (1 103), Zong Yi compiled Ten Volumes of the Rules of Zen Garden. He said in the preface: "The jungle is spreading, but it is not clear. Coupled with laws and regulations, things will be more. " In the tenth year of Xianchun (1274), Wei Mian compiled the second volume of "General Outline of Jungle Planning", and the preface also said: "The peers copied the jungle daily rules, each with its own shortcomings." From Yuan Dynasty to senior year (13 1 1), the reserve rules of Zen forest were compiled. In the preface, I said that all the rules are "either the monk is ordained first or the abbot enters first". Yixian, on the other hand, was crowned with "blessing" and "Tathagata's birthday". It can be seen that the monasteries in the Song and Yuan Dynasties were very complicated and diverse, but they were not called "Baizhang Cleanliness Rules". From the end of the Yuan Dynasty to the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1338), Dehui began to use Baizhang as the name according to the book Xiubaizhang, which was essentially different from the original system. In the 15th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1382) and 22nd year of Yongle (1424), this regulation was implemented successively. The seventh year of the British Orthodox Church (1442) reprinted. It can be seen that the development of the Qing Dynasty was initiated by Baizhang and gradually evolved into "writing", which was implemented by government orders.
There must be a temple in the jungle. Temples are places where statues of Buddha and Bodhisattva in Feng 'an can worship Buddha and pray for blessings, and halls are places where monks can talk about everything and so on. Together, these two meanings are the general name of important houses in Buddhist temples in China. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, as a rule, Buddhist temples were required to have "Seven Galand Temples", that is, seven buildings with different uses. Buddhist sects have slightly different interpretations of it, which are generally considered as: mountain gate, Buddhist temple, lecture hall, abbot, canteen, bathroom and Dongsi (toilet). In modern times, Buddhist temples gradually became the main body, and the setting was more standardized. Zen temple configuration is the most organized and relatively fixed, so all temples follow it. However, ancient temples often have traces of legacy systems and gradual changes; Mountain temples are also surrounded by mountains and rivers, which are irregular according to local conditions; Some Buddhist temples located in downtown areas and gradually developed, or Buddhist temples transformed from gardens, villas and houses, often have their own layouts and are not standardized. Generally speaking, the name of a temple depends on God and its purpose. The statues of Buddha and Bodhisattva are placed in the Hall of Mahatma, the Hall of Pilu, the Hall of Pharmacists, three temples, the Hall of Maitreya, the Hall of Guanyin, the Hall of Wei Tuo, the Hall of King Kong and the Hall of Galapagos. The relics and magic weapons are the relic hall, the sutra-collecting building (pavilion) and so on. There are Kaishan Hall, Zushi Hall and Luohan Hall. There are Dharma Hall, Zen Hall, Bantang, Xue Jietang, Confession Hall, Bible Reading Hall and Yunshui Hall for lectures, meetings and monasteries. Others used for daily life and reception include Zhaitang, Guest Hall, Abbot, Tea Room (Abbot Reception Room) and Yanshou Hall (Pension Hall).
The main Buddhist temples in China, such as the Buddha Hall, the Dharma Hall, the Pilu Hall, the Heavenly King Hall and the abbot. Generally, they are built on the north-south center line of the temple, and the rest of the Zhaitang, Zen Hall, Jialan Hall, Zushi Hall, Guanyin Hall and Pharmacist Hall are built on both sides of the main hall as affiliated halls. For example, Song Huihong's Record of the Great Buddha Hall of Ling Ying Temple in Bailushan, Tanzhou said: "The Buddha has been left behind. If disciples meet by law, they should be born according to law. ..... To build a house, we must first build a hall to worship Buddha and Bodhisattva. Let all people know where they are going, walk around the clock, let the law stay for a long time and repay the Buddha. " "Tianning Temple in Xinzhou" also said: "Introduction, facing each other. Deng Puguang Mingtang, Gu Jiexi has Yuntang, which accommodates people from all corners of the country. For the treasure of Dharma, it is rotated with a large wheel load, so as to take photos of different roots widely. Gu Qidong has a delicious kitchen, which is used to make puyi stuffing. Take care of the cashier in the career hall. Specially, I built a good Dharma Hall in the center to practice Buddhism, and opened a room in Piye to teach Buddhism. " ("Shimen Ci Zen" Volume 21) In this article, Puguang Mingtang is the Hall of Great Heroes, Yunhui Hall is the Hall of Zen, the magic weapon is the Pavilion of Scriptures, the fragrant kitchen is the kitchen, the department hall is the warehouse, the Shanfa Hall is the Hall of Dharma, and Pierre Zhang is the abbot. Since the Song Dynasty, the layout of halls has been similar.
The basic part of modern Buddhist temples is two groups of buildings: the mountain gate and the Tianwang Hall are a group, collectively called the "front hall"; Daxiong Hall is a group and the main building. Only these two can be called "temples" or jungles. The front hall, including the mountain gate, the bell tower, the drum tower and the Heavenly King Hall, is a set of facilities. Some monasteries are restricted by conditions, and often merge the mountain gate with the Heavenly King Hall and cancel the bell tower and drum tower. The jungle should be complete. There are many types of additional buildings, and each temple can be equipped freely according to the situation.
In addition to the Buddha statues, there are various relatively fixed ceremonies and offerings. The main solemnities are treasures, banners, buildings, happiness gates and so on. Galand described the Buddhist temple and lecture hall in Jianzhong Temple, and recorded that "Jinhua is full of treasures, full of them", which shows that the solemn Buddhist temple in China has a long history.
Bao Gai is also called Tian Gai. This Buddha statue has a treasure cover, which is called Gai Hua in scripture. When the Buddha went, he went, and the Buddha lived. Today, it is usually made of wood, metal or silk and hangs above the Buddha statue in the shape of a canopy. Of course, there are some people who don't need this cover.
Lou, also known as Bao Lou, is a solemn symbol of Buddha and Bodhisattva. Generally made of silk, cloth, etc. Around the building, put eight or ten spaces, hang silks on all sides, or embroider Buddha statues, or paint. There is a saying in the "Five-Day Shoujing" that "on its platform, there are naturally four-poster towers", so today, in front of each Buddha or around the treasure cover, more four-poster towers are placed.
Praise, also known as holy praise, also symbolizes the solemnity of Buddha. Where the altar is built, it should be decorated with banners and arranged around it. The so-called "flags and altars are inseparable from each other." There are many colors and methods of making flags. Among them, those made of plain silk are called flat flags, those made of bound silk are called silk flags, and those made of metallic jade are called jade flags. Any method of making banners does not need to install Buddha or Bodhisattva statues, but must write scriptures. Now many Buddhist names or sutras are hung in front of the Buddha.
Kuimen is a big curtain hanging in front of the Buddha, embroidered with colorful silks and satins into a genus of flying, lotus, Swiss beast and rare bird. The banners hanging on both sides are called banner doors. There is a glass lamp for Buddha hanging in front of the door.
The amount of offerings in the temple depends on the size of the church structure and the needs of the ceremony. The Book of Dalagni says, "When there are twenty-one sacrificial utensils, if there are no twenty-one, five can be used. One is perfume, the other is miscellaneous flowers, the third is burning incense, the fourth is diet, and the fifth is burning lamps. " The so-called "three-legged" incense burner, vase and candlestick set in front of the Buddha today are simplified from this. In addition to the candlestick, there is a long table five to eight feet high with wooden lights on it for lighting candles. Carved colored paintings are often used on the body, and they are often used in Buddhist temples and in front of Buddhist temples in today's Zen forest.
In addition, there is an incense table (big table) in front of the Buddha, which is long or square. Long incense sticks are used to hold the three-legged genus, while the altar is used for five sacrifices (that is, painting incense, decorating incense, eating incense and lighting lamps), surrounded by silk embroidered tables. Before offering the table, put some incense sticks and a small incense tray on it. The incense tray is made of rosewood, with an incense burner and two incense boxes on it. Sandalwood and incense are separated. In front of the plate hung a red shovel embroidered with lotus flowers and Swiss birds. When the abbot enters the temple to recite scriptures and attend classes, most of them are led by waiters carrying incense trays and placing incense in front of the Buddha. The abbot will light incense when he worships Buddha.
As for the ancient department where the law of the jungle prevails, there are names such as Shouzuo, Temple Master, Tibetan Master, Zhuang Master, Yunnan Seat, Prison and Waiter. The abbot (abbot) is in charge of these departments. The temples in the Tang Dynasty were managed by San Gang. After the jungle flourished, the three cardinal guides were abolished and the abbot stood still. The three cardinal guides and five permanent members in the Tang Dynasty were appointed by the government, while the abbot in the Song Dynasty was invited by local state officials and monks, and other monk posts were appointed by the abbot. Later generations, the jungle organizations became increasingly large, and the family styles of various temples were also different. Both of them are abbots of the ten-square jungle, and they often act independently according to the times, resulting in endless jungle names. In the preface to the "Clear Rules of Zen Garden" in the Song Dynasty, it was written: "In Buddhism, solemn Buddhist associations and the establishment of Buddhist temples are indispensable. Legislation is expensive and complicated, and teaching is random. " There are 23 kinds of jungle duties in Zen Garden Rules. Song Zongluo also wrote "Turtle Mirror" to illustrate the necessity of setting up various ministries: "The essence of the jungle is to show monks that they have elders, that they have the first place, that they have the burden of prison, that they have prestige reconciliation, that they have altar support, that they have straight-aged services, that they have treasury services, and that they have services. There are landlords who guard monks' clothes, hall owners who provide monks with soup, bath owners who bathe monks, charcoal heads for monks to keep out the cold, neighborhood owners who beg for monks, garden heads, grinders and masters who serve monks, clean heads for monks, and clean people for monks. " (Zen Garden Rules, Volume 8)
The above system has been used for a long time since the Song Dynasty, with little change. Today, what is implemented in Shifang jungle is more to adjust the gain according to the Yuan Dynasty's "Clear Rules for Repairing Hundred Stems". The abbot is the core of the whole jungle. Under the abbot, there are four captains and eight deacons. The head of Class Four is the first hall, the west hall, the back hall and the hall master, and the eight deacons are the supervisor, guest, monk (also called picket), Na Wei, Dianzuo, Liaoyuan, the mantle and the secretary. Deacon of the jungle, subdivided into * * * one hundred and eight. But these are not necessarily settings, but they are flexibly mastered according to the size of the temple, the number of monks or a special situation, and the names are also different. The names of these ministries and commissions are collectively referred to as governors (level 1), principals (level 2) and principals (level 3). The degree of responsibility can be divided into two parts: grade and grade. Listing is equivalent to a job, focusing on ranking posts according to ability and work needs; The preface is equivalent to the title, focusing on ranking according to the qualifications of becoming a monk and practicing kung fu. Rank sum rank can be divided into east rank and west rank. The East Order is the main order, and the West Order is the guest, so the jungle deacon who works directly for the abbot is listed in the East Order. The people who assist the abbot in his work are listed in the west rank. In fact, the difference between eastern sequence and western sequence is not obvious, but it has become a form. Some people say that this is to imitate the majesty of the civil and military class in the court in front of the saints, which may have some truth. In the ten-square jungle, it is typical to set up 48 deacons, which are arranged in the following order:
(military) rank
Preface to the East: Dujian, Jianyuan, Auxiliary Temple, Suffering, Jianshou, Zhu Zhuang, Motou, Liaoyuan, Dianzhu, Hours, Drum Head and Night Patrol.
West Preface: Dianzuo, Tiean, Fantou, Caitou, Shuitou, Huotou, Chatou, Clothing, Door Head, Source, Laitou and Zhao Ke.
foreword
Preface: Na Wei, Yue Zhong, the founder, incense burning, recording, mantle, decocting medicine, waiter, Zhong Qing, guests, walkers and candle lamps.
West Preface: Zuo Yuan, Shouzuo, Xitang, Houtang, Tang Zhu, Secretary, Tibetan Master, Monk Value, Zhizang, Zhike, Shentou and Surabaya.
The ten-square jungle is generally well organized and its deacons are relatively complete. In the modern jungle, there are basically five parts, namely, meditation hall, living room, warehouse, old man and old man, which are collectively called "five halls"; Among them, the last four are also called "four pavilions". Important temple affairs are decided by the abbot through consultation with the first-class leader and the Sitangkou mage. In addition, there is the first hut to entertain famous guests, a waiter's hut to wait for beginners, a walker's hut to serve pedestrians and children's walkers, and a public hut (Yunshui Hall) to receive past monks. In addition, there are people who have retired from official positions and above, those who have retired from auxiliary temples and below, those who are old, weak and sick in Yanshoutang, and those who are engaged in production by Zen people. Every church has its own laws to abide by.
Shifang jungle is very large, and its property belongs to monks. Monks are not allowed to recruit apprentices, so their monks live together from all directions. Shifang Jungle is qualified to preach precepts at the opening ceremony, and generally preaches precepts regularly to teach precepts to those who seek precepts in the jungle for future generations. The ten-square jungle can be divided into the jungle of selecting sages, the jungle of forbearing relatives and the jungle of legal relatives according to the abbot's generation method. The abbot of Xuanxian jungle is a highly respected person recommended by monks from the majority of monks through democratic consultation. The abbot of the jungle is also a respected person selected from monks, but he must be ordained in this jungle; The abbot of Faju jungle was appointed successively by several Faju disciples recorded by the original abbot of Faju Temple. The abbot of Shifang Jungle is usually appointed once every six years, but he can be re-elected, and some are for life. After the abbot abdicated, he was called a "monk who retired from the hospital".
Shifang jungle can receive monks from all over the world who come here to travel and study, which is called "hanging list" or "hanging water". "single" refers to the monk's luggage, and hanging single refers to putting the luggage away temporarily. The monk hangs a bill in the ten-square jungle and lives in Yunshui Hall first. After living in Yunshui Hall for a long time, at my request and with the consent of the abbot, I can live in Zen Hall or Buddhist Hall and become a basic monk in the temple. You can go to Yunshuitang at any time; If you want to leave the temple after living in a meditation hall or a Buddhist temple, you can only ask for leave on the fifteenth day of the first month or the fifteenth day of July every year. There is a certain quota for the number of monks in Zen or Buddhist temples.
For the details of the jungle system, see Baizhang Clear Rules and Notes, Baizhang Clear Rules and Justice, etc. As for doing things in the jungle and Goodall's rules, you can refer to the Jungle Incident of Yourong, Huibin's Jungle Theory, Hui Hong's Notes in the Woods, Jingshan's Sermon on Zen Forest, and Wu Bu's Miscellanies on Mountain Temple.