After a week's consideration and arrangement, Lin Zexu asked foreigners to do two things.
First, turn over all the opium imported from China.
Foreigners don't understand Lin Zexu's character, thinking that he, like the former bureaucrats, always does some face-saving work when he arrives and then asks for bribes. The price is agreed, business is normal,
So they are waiting to see how much appetite this newly appointed imperial envoy has.
I don't know if Lin Zexu is the kind of bureaucrat who doesn't pay attention to courtesy, justice and integrity.
Lin Zexu: "If the opium is not exhausted for a day, I will not return for a day, and I swear that this matter will not stop."
On the tenth day of February, those foreign businessmen still refused to pay opium, and Lin Zexu gave an order.
Lin Zexu gave an order to cut off Guangzhou's sea traffic, send people to surround the 13th line, and evacuate all the people in the 13th line of China, banning all access. In other words, Lin Zexu turned Shisanhang into a prison for foreigners and refused to provide food.
At that time, there were about 350 foreigners in the thirteenth line, including the British Commercial Supervision Law, all of whom were locked up.
At that time, Yi Fa had no choice but to compromise, but he did not order British businessmen to give opium to Lin Zexu, but ordered British businessmen to give opium to him and receive opium from British businessmen in the name of commercial supervision.
The opium of a British businessman became the opium of the British Empire as soon as it changed hands.
I * * * handed over 20,280 boxes of opium, about 200,000 kilograms.
Daoguang was so happy that he praised Lin Zexu: Qing Zhi loved Jiao Ran and turned it into a foreign country.
Until now, the British still don't believe that Lin Zexu will really ban smoking.
They thought that Lin Zexu had made a fortune this time and that Lin Zexu would secretly sell opium.
Lin Zexu dug two big pools in Humentan.
Culverts are set in front and then lead to ditches. First, use ditches to draw water into the pool, sprinkle with salt, then put the smoke soil into the box, and then add lime to cook it. It is well known that the ash soup is boiling. It tastes evil and stinks. When the tide ebbs, open the culvert, go into the sea with the waves, and then brush the bottom of the pool without dripping. * * * calendar 23, everything was destroyed, monitored by civil and military officials day by day.
Lin Zexu succeeded, and the Qing court asked him to be the governor of the two rivers, but he didn't go.
Lin Zexu said that all the opium in the past was destroyed and may come back in the future. If we want to do it, we must completely ban it.
Demanding the elimination of the righteous law and not doing opium business in the future.
This law was not allowed, so the two sides clashed.
Lin Zexu thinks that the British can't fight, and the batteries in Humen have been rebuilt.
He remembered that English people needed tea and rhubarb. Therefore, the export of tea and rhubarb is prohibited.
During this period, there were several conflicts between the Guangdong navy and British warships, and the Guangdong navy won.
So at that time, the whole Qing dynasty was very optimistic.
At that time, the foreign secretary of the British government was Bamazun, a famous imperialist who was eager for success.
They sent Lu Haijun to China, demanding compensation from the Qing Dynasty for opium reparations and military reparations, and demanding that all previous unequal treaties have the same restrictions and diplomatic relations.
In the summer of 20 years of Daoguang (1840), I came to Guangdong Ocean.
However, the British did not attack here, but announced the blockade of Haikou, and then sent troops to the north to occupy Dinghai.
Dinghai is unarmed and easy to get lost.
Daoguang was very angry when the news that Dinghai was lost reached Beijing.
Soldiers from Shaanxi, Gansu, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and Sichuan were ordered to be stationed in coastal provinces.
But at that time, officials in the Qing Dynasty were corrupt and extravagant, so they had to be transferred from above and paid below.
Daoguang was most afraid of spending money, so he began to breed dissatisfaction with Lin Zexu.
On July 22 of the same year, Daoguang scolded Lin Zexu, which was not only unrealistic, but also caused many waves.
The diplomat at that time was Qishan, governor of Zhili, Tianjin. He sent someone to a ship in England to negotiate.
In fact, I explored the armament of the British army and thought that the British ships were far above China.
British ships can fly across the river without wind or tide.
Recalling China's naval equipment, he felt ridiculous.
Shanhaiguan cannon, still left over from the Ming Dynasty, can only be barely cleaned for standby.
The British Foreign Secretary wrote letters to Prime Minister China, all of which were criticized by Lin Zexu.
Accusing Lin Zexu of being cruel and arbitrary, Qishan felt that he could play well or not.
So he played along, saying that Lin Zexu didn't understand the emperor's justice.
Deceived and mishandled
As for the compensation, we will pay more or less, so that the British will not be unable to work when they go back, and trade will remain the same, so there is no need to fight.
The British didn't want to fight in the north, so they agreed to Qishan's suggestion and went back to Guangzhou for negotiations.
Daoguang was very happy. He felt that Qishan could use his golden words to deal with the British army, which was much better than Lin Zexu's troubled times.
So he ordered the provincial troops to return to their original posts, and at the same time relieved Lin Zexu of his post and let Qishan take over.
When Qi Shan arrived in Guangdong, she found it too easy to think about things.
The British insisted on paying reparations, ceding Hong Kong or increasing trading ports.
Qishan thought that it was better to cede land than to open a commercial port, but he was afraid that the court would not agree, so he slowly bargained.
The British felt that the Qing court was insincere, so they opened fire on it in1February.
After the fall of Dajiao and Shajiao, Qishan signed a treaty with Yiliu to compensate six million and two thousand silver.
Cede Hong Kong to Britain and give it equal treatment.
Daoguang refused, so he fired Qishan and confiscated his property.
At the same time, the British government was not satisfied with the result and sent representatives to China.
Since then, both China and Britain are preparing for a big war and will never negotiate.
The attitude of the British people is simple. If they don't agree to all my requirements, I will continue to play.
Daoguang's attitude is also very simple. When one army was defeated, another army was mobilized, and there were no Qing soldiers who fled without fighting.
Until the summer of the 22nd year of Daoguang (1842), the British army was about to invade Nanjing.
The Qing court finally knew the huge gap with Britain and could no longer resist.
So he accepted the British request and signed the treaty of nanking.
Treaty of Nanjing
Treaty of nanking *** 13,
The main contents are:
1. Declare the war over. Relations between the two countries have changed from a state of war to a state of peace.
2. Trade with five ports. The Qing government opened five trading ports, including Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai, allowing British consulates to enter, and British businessmen and their families to live freely.
3. compensation. The Qing government paid 2 1 10,000 yuan to Britain, including 6 million yuan for burning opium, 0/0.2 million yuan for British military spending, and 3 million yuan for repaying merchants' debts. The payment will be paid in four years. If it cannot be paid in full and on time, the annual interest will be 100 yuan plus 5 yuan.
4. Cut the land. The Qing government ceded Hong Kong to Britain.
5. Separate tariff rules. The Qing government will issue new tariff rules on the principle of fairness, so that British businessmen can pay according to the rules.
6. Abolish the public banking system and allow British businessmen and China businessmen to trade freely.
Treaty of nanking is the first unequal treaty imposed on the people of China by modern western capitalist countries. Britain forced China to accept its aggression demand by military aggression, which destroyed China's independent status as a sovereign country. The occupation of Hongkong damaged the territorial integrity of China. The trading ports became the center of colonial plunder and unequal exchange of China by western capitalism. The huge compensation increased the financial burden of the Qing government, and at the same time it was passed on to the working people, making their lives more difficult. After the signing of treaty of nanking, western powers took advantage of the fire to rob and forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties. Since then, China has gradually become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.