The diving competition of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be conducted in accordance with the provisions of the FINA Manual (2005-2009) and the Olympic Charter, which were in force at that time.
According to the Olympic Charter, FINA will be responsible for the technical management and guidance of diving competition during the Olympic Games.
A committee composed of diving technical representatives, chairman of diving technical committee and honorary secretary will be set up.
Protests and complaints
If there is any objection, it will be settled according to the rules of FINA competition GR9.2.2 and GR 9.2.3. Protests must be submitted to the referee in writing by the team leader within 30 minutes after the end of the relevant competition, and a deposit of 100 Swiss francs or equivalent currency should be paid. The referee must consider all the protests. If the referee refuses to protest, he must give reasons. The team leader may appeal to the arbitration commission for the referee's rejection of the protest, and the decision of the arbitration commission is final. The Committee will consider the appeal against the referee's rejection of the protest and make recommendations to the Arbitration Committee.
Note: In diving competition, verbal protest is allowed. If an oral protest is not accepted, a formal protest can be taken. (See FINA Competition Rules GR9.2.5)
draw lots
The appearance order of the single event preliminaries and the double event finals will be decided by the technical meeting (including the team leader, representatives, coaches and referees).
Appointment of international technical officials
Each FINA association is eligible to apply for sending two referees, and these referees must be on the list of FINA diving referees in 2007. FINA Diving Technical Committee will appoint the following personnel:
Moderator: 1 referee, 10 backstage referee.
Other associations: 17 referee *
2 backstage referees *
* No more than 1 NOC per country (region).
Diving origin:
Human swimming has a long history, which is closely related to the productive labor, life, entertainment and war of human society. It is produced in the productive labor of conquering and transforming nature, and developed in satisfying people's entertainment and competition.
Primitive people climbed mountains and waded for food when hunting, and swimming was one of the most basic skills when fighting with people or animals.
With the emergence of the country, when there was a war in ancient countries, water was used as a means to attack the war, or swimming in the water to destroy the enemy's defense and cooperate with infantry and cavalry. /kloc-in the 0 th and 8 th centuries, the European army established swimming schools. It is not difficult to see that swimming has occupied an extremely important position in the army since ancient times.
In ancient Persia, swimming was a compulsory item in military training. Ancient Greece has abundant information about underwater activities. Many ancient Greek cultural relics and works contain many objects and descriptions related to swimming. In the Greek Soren Law, children are required to learn Greek and swim. There is a popular proverb that satirizes fools: "He can neither write nor swim", which shows that they attach importance to swimming. In Rome, it is also considered that not being able to swim is as stupid as ignorance, and there are swimming events in the training of Roman youth.
In China, recorded swimming activities began in the Spring and Autumn Period. From the data of ancient Dayu's flood control and the establishment of naval masters in various dynasties, it can be inferred that the skills of water sports in various periods have reached a considerable level. There are swimming lessons in modern naval training, and there are also swimming subjects in the data records of Huangpu Military Academy. After the Opium War, European and American sports gradually entered China, and competitive swimming became popular in cities.
With the development of productive forces and the improvement of human living standards, swimming and entertainment are closely linked, which is another important reason for the development of swimming.
Key points of diving competition rules:
The diving competition is divided into four events: men's and women's10m platform diving and men's and women's 3m springboard diving. It is also divided into double and single competitions, with a total of 8 gold medals. Whether it is springboard or platform diving, the process of completing the action includes four stages: run-up, take-off, aerial skill and entry into the water. The main rules of diving are:
(1) Men's individual events and men's doubles events are held in 6-action competitions.
(2) Women's individual events and women's doubles events are held in five movements.
(3) The above six or five actions are not allowed to be repeated.
(4) Actions with the same code are regarded as the same action.
(5) Springboard competition
① The women's springboard competition includes five different movements, and there is no limit to the difficulty coefficient.
② Men's springboard competition includes 6 movements without difficulty coefficient, among which 5 movements are from different groups, and the rest 1 movement can be selected from 5 groups.
(6) Platform jumping competition
① The women's platform competition includes movements selected from six different groups, and there is no limit to the difficulty coefficient.
② The men's platform competition includes movements selected from six different groups, and there is no limit to the difficulty coefficient.
③ The platform competition of the Olympic Games, World Swimming Championships, World Cup and other events sponsored by ③FINA (except the youth group competition) must be held on the platform of 10 meter.
(7) synchronized diving competition
Synchronized diving is a competition in which two athletes take off from springboard or platform at the same time. Score according to the synchronization of synchronized diving and the advantages and disadvantages of their respective movements.
The synchronized divers of the Olympic Games, the World Swimming Championships and the World Cup should come from the same association.
③ The women's synchronized diving competition consists of five movements: the average difficulty coefficient of two movements is 2.0, and the other three movements are not limited by the difficulty coefficient.
④ The men's synchronized diving competition consists of six movements: the average difficulty coefficient of two movements is 2.0, and the other four movements are not limited by the difficulty coefficient.
⑤ Five movements in women's doubles should come from at least four different groups, and at least 1 movement should take off forward.
⑥ The six movements in men's doubles competition come from at least four different groups, and at least 1 movement takes off forward. In these six actions, no more than two actions from the same group can be taken.
⑦ The actions of two people in a double competition must be the same (that is, the action code and completion must be synchronized).
Participate in the competition
Athletes under Group B (14 years old) cannot participate in the Olympic diving competition (before the competition year of 65438+February 3 1).
In the doubles competition, each country or association can send at most one pair of players; In a single event, each country or association can send up to two players to participate.
race
FINA Diving Technical Committee stipulates that all diving competitions in the Olympic Games and the World Cup must be held in preliminaries, semi-finals and finals.
The appearance order of the preliminaries will be decided by computer random drawing at the technical meeting. The 18 player with the best results in the preliminary round enters the semi-finals. The best 12 player in the semi-final enters the final. The results of preliminaries, semi-finals and finals do not add up to each other, and the results of each game start from 0. If the elimination system is not adopted in the final, the athletes will compete in the reverse order of the total score; If the elimination system is adopted in the final, athletes should participate in the following competitions in the reverse order of the total results of the preliminary competition. In case of the same score, the competition order of athletes with the same score will be decided by drawing lots.
If there are 18 players tied in the preliminaries or 12 players tied in the semi-finals, the tied players can participate in the next round.
In the Olympic Games, there is no preliminaries in doubles, but the finals are held directly. There are 8 teams in the final (including one from the host country). The order of appearance is randomly determined by the computer.
score
For the Olympic Games, the World Championships and the World Cup, 7 referees should be appointed for individual events and 9 referees should be appointed for biathlon, among which 5 judges the synchronization of the two players and the other 4 judges the technical completion of the players respectively.
In individual events, the athlete with the highest total score is the champion. In the double event, the couple with the highest total score is the champion.
Diving competition of Beijing Olympic Games:
The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games single diving competition includes preliminaries, semi-finals and finals. The appearance order of the preliminaries will be decided by computer random drawing at the technical meeting. The 18 player with the best results in the preliminary round enters the semi-finals.
The semi-final includes the best 18 players in the preliminary round, and the final includes the best 12 players in the semi-final.
The appearance order of semi-finals and finals shall comply with FINA competition rules D 2. 1.2 and D 2. 1.3. If there is a draw of 18 in the preliminaries or a draw of 12 in the semi-finals, the tied players can participate in the next round. The results of preliminaries, semi-finals and finals do not add up to each other, and the results of each game start from 0. All movements are not limited by the difficulty coefficient.
There is no preliminaries in the doubles competition, and the finals will be held directly. There are 8 pairs of players in the final, one of whom is from the host country. The order of appearance is randomly determined by the computer.
competition range
Diving pool covers an area of 25× 25m, with a pool depth of 5.4m ..
diving platform
Platform diving is performed on a hard and inelastic platform 10 meters above the water surface. According to FINA's regulations, the platform of 10 meter should be at least 6 meters long and 3 meters wide, and the surface should be covered with anti-slip materials.
gangplank
Springboard diving is performed on an elastic board 3 meters above the water. 3-meter springboard According to FINA's regulations, the springboard should be at least 4.8 meters long and 0.5 meters wide, and the surface should be covered with non-slip materials.
Algorithm and rules of diving difficulty coefficient;
Diving group, posture, number of people and difficulty coefficient. There are many kinds of movements in track and field diving. According to the current international diving competition rules, * * * has 87 different diving movements.
I. Action teams
Diving is divided into the following six levels according to the direction of standing before take-off and the direction of body movement after take-off.
Group 1- dive forward facing the pool.
The second group-dive backward (near) facing the board.
The third group-reverse diving facing the pool.
The fourth group-diving inward facing the springboard (platform).
Group 5-twist diving.
Team 6-arm diving (platform diving only).
Second, the action posture
Diving posture. It can be divided into four types: straight (represented by "A"), bent (represented by "B"), tuck (represented by "C") and somersault (represented by "D"), which are represented by English letters A, B, C and D respectively in international diving rules.
Third, the action number.
Each diving group has its own number to represent the action group and the number of somersaults. For example:
1 ~ 4 groups of action numbers all use 3 digits. The first number represents the action group; The second number represents the flying action (if the second number is "0", it means there is flying action in service) 8 The third number represents the number of somersaults ("1" is half a week, "2" is a week, "3" is a week and a half, and so on). For example, "20 1" means that the second group dives backwards and flips half a turn; "305" refers to the third group of reflexive somersaults for two and a half weeks; "1 13" means to fly forward and somersault for one and a half times.
The fifth group uses 4 digits to indicate the steering action. The first digit indicates the fifth group (especially the twist diving); The second digit indicates the direction of somersault; The third digit indicates the number of somersaults; The fourth digit indicates the number of turns, and the calculation method is the same as before. For example, in the action of "5 136", "5" means the fifth group diving, "1" means the forward tumbling of 1 group, "3" means one and a half weeks, and "6" means three weeks. Another example is the "5337" movement, which refers to the fifth round. The third group of reflexive diving directions is used to complete somersaults and turns for one and a half weeks and three and a half weeks. The sixth group of arm-standing movements also use three fingers. The first digit indicates the sixth group (especially arm diving); The second digit indicates the direction of arm diving; Third digit table
Indicates the number of somersaults (calculation method is the same as above). For example, in the action of "6 14", "6" means that the sixth group dives vertically, "1" means that the first group rolls forward in the diving direction, and "4" means that it rolls for two weeks. Another example is "632", which refers to the arm-standing diving action of the sixth group, and somersaults in the reverse diving direction.
Fourth, the action difficulty coefficient
The movement difficulty coefficient indicates the difficulty for athletes to complete the movement. The rules of international diving competition determine the corresponding difficulty coefficient for each diving action, which is determined according to the difference of action group, competition events (springboard, platform), instrument height, action posture and the number of somersaults and turns. When diving, athletes have simple movements and low difficulty coefficient; When the action is complex, the difficulty coefficient is high. For example: 3m board 1O3 B, difficulty coefficient 1.6. 10m platform 307 C, with difficulty coefficient of 3.4. For the same action, the difficulty coefficient is different because of the different height of the instrument. For example, the difficulty coefficient of 1 meter board is 3.0, and the difficulty coefficient of 3 meter board is 2.7. At present, the highest difficulty listed in the difficulty table of international diving competition rules is; The difficulty coefficients of 3m board 109C and 307C, 10M platform 109C are all 3.5.
How to watch the diving competition;
When watching diving competitions, knowledgeable audiences are often attracted by wonderful competitions. They applauded the athletes' superb skills, regretted the athletes' accidental slip, and scored the athletes' jumping movements with great interest together with the judges. If you are an audience who doesn't know how to do it, you will be at a loss when watching the diving competition. Obviously, knowing some common sense of diving competition is very helpful to watch diving competition better.
Generally speaking, there are four events in track and field diving: springboard diving for men and women and platform diving. The springboard diving competition can be held on the springboard of 1m or 3m. There are 10 jumps in the women's springboard diving competition, in which the first five moves are selected from different groups and are limited by the difficulty coefficient, so they are called optional moves with the difficulty coefficient limited, and the total difficulty coefficient is not more than 9.5 (referred to as specified moves); The last five movements are also selected from different groups. Because they are not limited by the difficulty coefficient, they are called optional movements without difficulty coefficient. Men's springboard diving competition has 1 1 jump, in which the first five movements are selected from different groups, and the total difficulty coefficient is not more than 9.5; Of the last six optional actions without difficulty coefficient, five actions are selected from different groups, and the remaining 1 actions can be selected from any group.
The platform diving competition can be held on the platform of 5m, 7.5m and10m, but the Olympic Games, World Championships and World Cup and the important diving competition in China are limited to the platform of10m. There are 8 jumps in the women's platform diving competition, among which the first four optional moves with difficulty coefficient limit are selected from different groups, and the total difficulty coefficient is not more than 7.4; The last four optional moves without difficulty coefficient were also selected from different groups. The men's platform diving competition has a total of 10 jumps, in which the first four optional moves with limited difficulty coefficient are selected from different groups, and the total difficulty coefficient shall not exceed 7.6; The last six optional movements without difficulty coefficient were selected from six groups respectively.
There are two kinds of scoring referees in diving competition: 7-player system and 5-player system. Olympic Games, World Championships and World Cup diving competitions and important domestic competitions must have 7 referees, and other general competitions can be scored by 5 referees. The full score of diving competition is 10, and 0.5 can be used for scoring. When judging, cut
Judges are graded according to the following criteria:
Failure 0 points
Bad 0.5 ~ 2 points.
Ordinary 2.5-4.5 points
Better 5 ~ 6 points
It's good. 6.5 to 8 points
The best score is 8 ~ 10.
In the competition, the referee scores according to the athletes' approach (that is, walking board and running platform), take-off, air action and water entry action. Therefore, athletes should run smoothly in the competition, take off decisively and forcefully, and take off at an appropriate angle with a certain height; Beautiful posture in the air, rolling and turning quickly; When people swim, their bodies are perpendicular to the water, and the smaller the splash, the better.
Scoring by five referees: After scoring by five referees, the highest and lowest invalid points are deleted first, and the sum of the scores of the remaining three referees is multiplied by the difficulty coefficient of the action jumped by the athletes to get the real score of the action. For example, the scores of five judges are 5, (5.5), 5, 5, (4.5) = 15 (sum) X 2.0 (difficulty) =30 (actual score). (Note: Figures in brackets are invalid points deleted. The same below)
Scoring by 7 referees: The method is the same as that of 5 referees, but the score calculated by 7 referees should be divided by 5 and multiplied by 3. For example, the scores of seven referees are 5, (5.5), 5, 5, (4.5)=25 (sum) x 2.0 (difficulty) = 50+5x3 = 30 (actual score).
After the competition, the athletes' total score is the sum of the actual results of each jump. The winner is the one with the highest total score. If two or more people have the same total score, the ranking is the same. In the competition with all-around events, the total score of athletes' springboard movements and platform movements together is the total score of all-around events.