"Purdue" is a folk cultural phenomenon in southern Fujian, which is a folk festival formed by the combination of the Mid-Autumn Festival on the 15th of July in the Taoist lunar calendar and the Buddhist bonsai. The largest Pudu in southern Fujian, the first stone lion "Gui Hu Pupu", that is, 65,438+03 village in Gui Hu belongs to 65,438+02 zodiac (among which Hou 'an and Lun's monkeys belong), and Pudu takes turns to entertain each other at 65,438+02. There is a folk saying that "Gui Hu Pupu is famous". More precisely, Purdue usually starts from July 1st to July 30th of the lunar calendar. Every village has its own Purdue Day, not once every few years, but at a fixed time every year.
history
According to historical records, Quanzhou divided its jurisdiction into three "corners" in the history of Yuan Dynasty: east, south and west. The Ming dynasty followed the yuan system. In the Qing Dynasty, the north corner of the city was added, and there were 36 "shops" under the four corners, and each "shop" was divided into several "sides". This is the beginning of the words "Putin" and "36 stores" that are often heard in Quanzhou today. In the past, on the day of July 15, people sacrificed their parents in front of the Lord and Pudu Gong at the gate. Now ancestor worship is held on the fifteenth day of the lunar calendar, and Purdue is held in July of the lunar calendar, which takes turns every day. According to the memories of the old people, only 36 shops took turns to do Purdue in the late Qing Dynasty. According to some local written materials and old people's oral accounts, the rotary Pudu originated in the Qing Dynasty, because the sacrifice behavior was concentrated and the demand for sacrifice was also concentrated, and the market supply and demand were tight in July and half. People often fight for shopping. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the local squire wrote a letter and drew lots to determine the rotation date of Shop 36 of the City Hall, but the families still worshipped their ancestors in the first half of July. Since then, Licheng District and some related villages have taken turns to do Purdue on the basis of paving roads. Now Quanzhou, in the whole old July, almost every day there will be several corners to do Purdue, but residents in any corner will not do Purdue on July 15th, but pay homage to their ancestors first.
The basic structure of any shop, corner and Pudu is mainly composed of three parts-vertical flag, vertical lamp, Pudu, Chongpu and a "terminal edge". The first ceremony began in June of the lunar calendar. The last ceremony is between August and October of the lunar calendar. People who pave the way and live near the water also need to make a "water spectrum".
custom
XP in the suburb of Quanzhou is a fishing village. On July 15 and July 30 of the lunar calendar, we will go to Zucuo to "respect our parents" and on July 27 to "worship Pudu". In Purdue, we set the table at the door, lit incense, burned gold and set off firecrackers. Be careful not to have seafood with sharp shells in the dishes, but to shell and cook. After arranging the sacrifice, you should be "generous" and ask Pudu Gong for instructions before you can "burn gold" and send Pudu Gong away by shooting. On the morning of Purdue Day, families in Psh village will go to their temples to burn incense, provide food and drinks, and "burn gold". In the afternoon, at the door of the house, wine and food were served to burn gold for Purdue.
The popularity of old houses in urban areas is similar to that in rural areas. Tables, food and wine offerings are set in the patio or outside the door, and gold is burned. With the increase of high-rise multi-family mixed buildings, there is a problem of Pudu sacrifice site. From the case, we can see that there are three ways to build residents' popularity: 1, offering sacrifices in the corridor inside their own gate and burning gold outside the building; 2. Put a sacrifice outside your own gate in the corridor and burn gold outside the building; 3. Go down to the first floor and burn gold in the open air. This is the result of residents' adjustment between the new lifestyle and the traditional sacrificial behavior. Among the three methods, burning gold should be carried out outside the building, not only for safety or ventilation, but for people to inherit traditional consciousness.
Sacrificial ceremonies usually begin at four or five in the afternoon. In both urban and rural areas, neighbors always start to do Purdue ceremonies one after another, for fear that the "shortage of food and wine" of one household will lead to public anger in Purdue, which is not good for their families.
Inviting relatives and friends to "eat Pudu" after the sacrificial ceremony is also a major feature of Quanzhou's urban and rural areas. After the sacrificial ceremony, the relatives of the team will also invite friends to drink. People often eat in this house and then go to that house to eat. Just after dinner here, there came a urging phone call. Regardless of urban and rural areas, the lively "eating Pudu" has become a peak in the whole process of Pudu in Quanzhou. Some people say that each family invites more guests to show off, while others say that they are afraid that Pudu Gong will not leave after eating the sacrifice. Calling many people brave can scare Pudu away. I think the reason for the latter may be primitive, while the former is an objective effect derived from it. In fact, "eating Purdue" shows that today's Purdue activities have great social functions. Because people take turns to do Pudu, people have more opportunities to visit each other and have a high degree of freedom to participate. The social circle in Purdue season is bigger than that in Spring Festival, which is a major feature of Purdue.
Purdue's sacrificial object is "Duke Purdue", which is an existence without specific legends, images and statues. What do people think of things like "Purdue? "Where is he at ordinary times" are "I don't know the specific appearance, he is everywhere", "Maybe there are one or more", "He is the leader of vagrants, the person who manages them", "He is a vagrant, and many of them are people who have their heads killed and starve in hell" and so on. I seldom see written materials about Purdue, I have never heard any legends about Purdue, and I have never heard of anyone being punished by Purdue for not doing it, but everyone is afraid that this will bring any trouble to their families. Doing Pudu seriously, inviting neighbors to start the ceremony at the same time, burning "gold" in the open air and burning it completely all show that Pudu is a threatening existence to people.
The name of Purdue Palace clearly reminds us that this object should be related to Buddhism. Here, I will first quote two paragraphs about the history of Buddhist communication and Buddhist rituals in Quanzhou, and then try to talk about the author's understanding of Purdue Palace. There was a Buddhist temple in Quanzhou during the Taikang period of the Western Jin Dynasty. During the two dynasties, Indian monks translated Buddhist scriptures in Enbukuji. In the Tang Dynasty, it was called "the Buddhist Kingdom of Quannan", which shows the prevalence of Buddhism here. Buddhism, which was introduced to Quanzhou for more than a thousand years, has gradually become secular with the changes of history. The appearance of the "vegetable aunt abbot" in the late Qing Dynasty accelerated the trend of Quanzhou Buddhism integrating into the lives of ordinary people and folk beliefs.
Inheritance and development
One of the official ceremonies of Buddhist Purdue Conference is "giving food", which is a ceremony to save hungry ghosts. The specific behavior content is that monks recite scriptures at dusk to provide food for hungry ghosts. The Buddhist story recorded in the Tripitaka describes the origin of the meeting to save the hungry ghost. Ananda gives a lot of food to hungry ghosts, which can help them get out of their misery. Giving Ananda can also prolong life and avoid falling into the hungry ghost road after death. Because the purpose of the feeding ceremony is to save the hungry ghost. Therefore, people often call this ceremony of giving food a firing ceremony. According to the written materials and people's various explanations in the cases introduced earlier, neighbors began to do Purdue at the same time, showing reverence for the image. Purdue time is usually from afternoon to evening, and the place is outside the gate or on the roadside. Can it be considered that the Purdue ceremony, which was first undertaken by Buddhist temples, gradually turned to the people and was accepted by the people, and the Purdue ceremony and the food-giving ceremony went out of the courtyard of the temple and entered the homes of ordinary people? Ordinary people became priests themselves. After years of evolution, the ritual of offering food at the temple fair level has gradually evolved into a ritual of offering sacrifices to Pudu Gong as a family unit and has become a ritual of Quanzhou folk beliefs. It can be inferred that Pudu Palace is the transformation of the sacrificial object of Quanzhou Buddhism's ritual of giving food to hungry ghosts, and its nature should belong to the second soul group. When, in what form, and what kind of influence Buddhist rituals have on the people, and gradually form the entity, consciousness and name of "Pudugong" in people's psychology, these issues need further study by people of insight, and the author's ability is limited, so I only propose speculation here.
Before the implementation of the rotation of Purdue, Quanzhou was a compound ceremony in which the ancestor worship ceremony on the Mid-Yuan Festival and the hungry ghost ceremony on Yulanben coincided on the same day. Most cases in eastern Fujian and western Fujian also belong to this category. After the implementation of the alternate Purdue system, from the perspective of the whole region, ancestor worship was limited to one day, and the Purdue ceremony greatly extended the time. Therefore, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the color of ancestor worship, seems to be buried by the "Purdue Atmosphere". Every day, people take turns to make Purdue, and they are busy preparing and eating Purdue everywhere. But people still clearly distinguish the object of their sacrifice in consciousness, which is different in behavior details and psychology. The time of sacrifice, the subtle differences between Purdue cuisine and ancestor worship cuisine, the availability of chopsticks during sacrifice, whether raw and cooked dishes, seafood and shellfish can be shelled, the location and direction of sacrifice, the gold and silver to be burned, the use of containers when burning, and so on. , all illustrate the common difference between ancestor worship and ancestor worship. Although Purdue was artificially separated from the ancestor worship ceremony and held in a staggered date, the behavior and details of the ceremony show that Purdue in Quanzhou is still a compound ceremony, only in disguise.
As mentioned above, at present, the Dharma Association in Japan and Quanzhou obviously uses the name of Buddhist Dharma Association. Today, the basin ceremony on the main island of Japan is still related to Buddhist temples, but the relationship is very loose. In contrast, Pudu in Quanzhou has no substantial connection with monasteries and Buddhist ceremonies, and it is obviously not a Buddhist ceremony. After a long period of folk circulation and inheritance, Pudu in Quanzhou has gradually merged into a folk belief. Now the folk ceremony has broken away from the religious atmosphere and become one of the elements of local culture and folk belief.
Holding a series of ceremonies in turn according to the "shop" is a major feature that distinguishes Quanzhou Pudu from other places. Shops are the units of grass-roots political power in Ming and Qing dynasties, and also become the units of people's sense of belonging. Even in the past, when fighting broke out, shops were often used as units to help. At the same time, paving road was also used as a place name, and its name and geographical division remained in use until the 1940s, which had a far-reaching impact on generations who lived here for hundreds of years. It is said that the address of some old overseas Chinese writing letters is still somewhere in Pu, which is also called a place when Taiwan Province compatriots return home to recognize their ancestors.
Pubian is an ancient word in Quanzhou, and Pudu is a traditional folk cultural activity held by paving units in turn. With the passage of time and the variation of urban planning, people's memory of ancient shops is becoming more and more vague, but the word "36 shops" still often appears in people's daily life. During Purdue period, this word will awaken people's memories of the past geographical scope and traditional culture. Paving the road, once a unit of grass-roots administrative management and holding belief ceremonies, has evolved into a cultural symbol, referring to the "Pudu" of folk belief activities in this area, and has also become a characteristic vocabulary that marks Quanzhou local culture.
Today, Purdue in Quanzhou is an activity for people to communicate with their ancestors, with ghosts and gods, and also an opportunity for people to communicate with each other. It has the educational function of making people worship their ancestors, respect the elderly and get together, and because of the particularity of "eating Pudu", today's Pudu activities, especially "eating Pudu", have the function of promoting the friendship between relatives and neighbors, and provide opportunities for people from all walks of life to communicate and communicate with each other.
References:
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