General contracting: General contracting refers to the design, equipment procurement, transportation, insurance, civil engineering, installation, commissioning and trial implementation of the project, and finally the unit is handed over to the owner for commercial implementation. The whole process is called general contracting.
EPC is similar to general contracting.
There is also an explanation in the general contracting of engineering: EPC in engineering procurement construction is the abbreviation of English engineering, procurement and construction. Engineering is "design". When "design" is understood, the meaning of engineering is completely different from that of design which can also be understood as "design". Generally speaking, engineering refers to the mechanism and process of designing machines, devices, equipment and systems according to the scientific and engineering principles of manufacturing and processing; Design refers to the spatial division, functional arrangement, relationship between parts, appearance design and aesthetic treatment of buildings and structures. From this difference, we can see that the design-procurement-construction contract is generally not suitable for the procurement of construction projects.
EPC)/ turnkey project general contracting means that the general contracting enterprise undertakes the design, procurement, construction and commissioning services of the project according to the contract, and is fully responsible for the quality, safety, construction period and cost of the contracted project.
Engineering (engineering design)
Procurement (equipment procurement)
Construction (presiding over construction)
Foreign engineering companies (called design institutes in China) are responsible for the project for the owners, which is this model, and all three stages are responsible; EPC company and project management company. At present, there is an overall surplus of design and construction forces in China, and there are too many design and construction teams, but the strength dedicated to the whole process of project management is very weak. There are few engineering companies that can provide full-process project management services for owners and have full-featured project contracting capabilities, which are underdeveloped. Take the water conservancy construction industry as an example. Although there are some general contracting companies, most design and construction units do not have the general contracting ability to carry out the whole process of full-featured projects alone. One of the reasons for this situation is the lack of understanding that the whole process project management can create considerable benefits for the project and the owner. Practice has proved that the whole process project management is a kind of service activity with high added value, which can create value and benefit for the owners. Second, project management requires high knowledge and skills, that is, project management needs specialization. A considerable number of domestic owners and competent leaders think that project management is very simple and anyone can manage it, and they are unwilling to entrust specialized engineering contracting companies to implement project management. In order to quickly reverse this situation, we must vigorously cultivate EPC full-function engineering companies or project management companies in China. Large design institutes in China have the best conditions to transform into EPC full-function engineering companies or project management companies. Because design plays a leading role in engineering construction, design institutes have concentrated talents and rich talent resources. It is an important and urgent task to transform a group of backbone design institutes into engineering companies with general contracting functions.
Project management is a plan management method developed in the late 1950s. In 1957, DuPont applied this method to equipment maintenance for the first time, which reduced the maintenance downtime from 12 hours to 7 hours. From 65438 to 0958, Americans applied the basic theory of project management in Polaris missile design, which shortened the completion period of the design phase by two years. Since then, the concept of project management has attracted great attention. At present, western developed countries have formed a relatively perfect scientific system in project management.
With the sustained and rapid development of China's economy, the Ministry of Construction, the State Planning Commission and the Economic and Trade Commission intend to issue "Guiding Opinions on Further Promoting General Contracting and Project Management" and "Measures for Project Management (Services)" as soon as possible, formulate detailed implementation rules for general contracting and project management (services), standardize their basic practices, and further promote their scientificity, standardization and legalization, so as to guide the development of general contracting and project management in China and improve the level of project management.
Project manager has become a golden occupation in China in the new century, and the professional qualification certification of project manager has been piloted. In order to realize the new development of China in 2 1 century and improve the industrial competitiveness of China, it is necessary to analyze and study the development status of project management science system at home and abroad, understand and master the internationally accepted models, procedures and standards, learn from each other's strong points and keep pace with the times. This is of great practical significance to China enterprises, especially petrochemical enterprises.
1. Overview of foreign project management
1. 1 Main forms of foreign project management at present
The project management of foreign-funded enterprises mainly includes project management contractor (PMC), project management team (PMT) and construction management (CM).
(1) Project Management Contract (PMC)
PMC refers to the whole process and all-round project management of the project by the project management contractor on behalf of the owner, including overall planning, project definition, project bidding, selection of EPC(EPC is the abbreviation of English engineering procurement construction, that is, general contracting of design, procurement and construction), and overall management of the design, procurement and construction process, and generally does not directly participate in the specific work in the design, procurement, construction and trial implementation stages of the project. The cost of PMC is generally calculated in the way of "man-hour cost+profit+reward".
PMC is an extension of the owner's organization. Responsible for the overall planning and implementation of the plan from the definition stage to the whole production process, and keep consistent with the owner's goals and interests.
For large-scale projects, due to the complexity of project organization, technical and management difficulties and the need for overall coordination, owners often choose PMC contractors for project management contracting. As a PMC contractor, according to his own experience, he generally pays more attention to systematic and organized operation, that is, the owner first entrusts an international engineering company with considerable strength to conduct comprehensive management and contracting of the project; Secondly, the project is divided into two stages, the first stage is called the definition stage, and the second stage is called the implementation stage. In the project definition stage, the task of PMC is to manage the preliminary work of the project on behalf of the owner, that is, to carry out various project management for the project, for example, to effectively complete the preparatory work for the preliminary project (FEL); Assist the owner to obtain project financing; Manage technical resources and integrate technologies among equipment; Manage many contractors and suppliers involved in the project (especially interface coordination and management) to ensure consistency and interaction among various engineering contracts. In the implementation stage, the general contractor is responsible for detailed design, procurement and construction. At this stage, PMC is responsible for managing, coordinating and supervising all projects on behalf of the owner until the project is completed. In these two stages, PMC reports the work to the owner in time, and the owner sends a small number of personnel to supervise and inspect the work of PMC, so as to minimize the total cost of the whole life cycle of the project.
PMC can be divided into three types:
① Manage the project on behalf of the owner, and undertake EPC work of some out-of-bounds and public facilities. This method is risky for PMC, and the corresponding profits and returns are also high.
② Manage the project on behalf of the owner, and complete all work in the project definition stage, including basic engineering design, 10% cost estimation, project bidding, selection of EPC contractors and major equipment suppliers, etc.
(3) As an extension of the owner's management team, it is responsible for managing EPC contractors, but does not undertake any EPC work. The risk and reward of this method are relatively small. The contract structure of PMC is shown in figure 1.
Figure 1 PMC Contract Structure Block Diagram
According to Abb Rhuems, the main differences between PMC mode and EPC mode are shown in table 1.
Main differences between table 1 PMC mode and EPC mode
Comparison content PMC EPC
Specific project implementation of services with professional scope of work
Ensure that the requirements of professional standards are met and the project is implemented with good and skilled technology.
Fixed total price of business expense compensation
Owner's organization or representative of independent contractor.
Completion date of progress guarantee without progress guarantee
(2) Project Management Team (PMT)
PMT refers to the project management team composed of project managers of engineering companies or other project management companies and the owner * * * to manage the project. In this way, the project management service provider is more as the consultant of the owner, and the risk of project schedule, cost and quality control is less. The contract structure of PMT is shown in Figure 2:
Figure 2 Block diagram of payment contract structure
(3) Construction management
Conduct construction management on behalf of the owner. Its contract structure is shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3 CM contract structure block diagram
1.2 establishment, functions and means of foreign project management institutions
In order to make the company's organization serve the project more effectively, most engineering companies adopt matrix project management mechanism with project management as the core. The project manager responsibility system is implemented, that is, relying on permanent professional institutions, temporary and comprehensive project management institutions are set up according to projects to organize the implementation of project construction. The permanent professional functional department of the company is responsible for sending qualified personnel to the task force, and giving business guidance and help to the personnel sent to the task force, but it does not interfere with the work of the task force, and the personnel of the task force should report their work to the project manager and their respective departments at the same time. The adoption of matrix project management mode is not only convenient for the training and improvement of professional level, but also convenient for the deployment of professionals, ensuring the full use of professional working hours and improving labor productivity. At the same time, a number of professionals are deployed to a project, which is convenient for collaborative work and comprehensive evaluation of the performance and ability of professionals.
Large-scale engineering companies not only have a good project management system and mechanism (see Figure 4), but also have advanced project management technologies and means as support. In a typical project management organization, the technologies and means adopted include the following aspects:
(1) Project Manual
(2) Project management program file (project program)
(3) Engineering regulations (guidelines/specifications)
(4) Project management database
(5) Advanced computer system and network system
(6) Integrated project management software
Figure 4 Block diagram of project management mechanism
Both the United States and Canada implement the registered engineer (PE) system, and only the design documents signed by registered engineers can take effect. The examination of physical education adopts the national unified proposition and unified examination, and those who pass the examination can register and practice in each state.
There is no project manager registration system in the United States, and the company is responsible for the identification of project managers. Although the American Institute of Project Management (PMI) also trains American project managers, the enterprise does not organize employees to participate in unified training, and employees of the enterprise can sign up voluntarily.
2. The main gap between China's project management and developed countries.
At present, compared with foreign developed countries, the project management of survey, design, construction, supervision and other construction enterprises in China mainly has the following gaps:
(1) Most survey, design, construction and supervision enterprises have not established the organizational structure and project management system corresponding to general contracting and project management. Except for a few design units that have been transformed into international engineering companies, most design units that carry out general engineering contracting business have not set up organizations such as project control department, purchasing department, construction management department and trial execution (start-up) department, but only set up a secondary organization-general engineering contracting department, which can not meet the requirements of general engineering contracting in terms of service function, organization system, technical management system and talent structure. The service field of supervision enterprises is generally limited to the construction supervision of professional projects, and the organizational structure, technical standard system and talent structure can not meet the requirements of the whole process and all-round project management services.
(2) Most design, construction and supervision departments have not established systematic project management manuals and working procedures, and the methods and means of project management are backward, lacking advanced computer management system for engineering projects. The design system, procedures and methods also do not conform to the international common mode. However, foreign countries generally have high-level information management technology and computer application technology, and the implementation and management of engineering projects are supported by strong basic databases. Advanced CAD aided design system and integrated project management system are widely used and play an important role in project implementation.
(3) The mechanism of scientific and technological innovation is not perfect, and the technology development and the application of scientific research achievements are not paid attention to. Enterprises generally lack international advanced technology and engineering technology, have no own patented technology and proprietary technology, and their ability to independently carry out process design and basic design needs to be strengthened. However, foreign countries attach great importance to technology development, and are especially good at cooperating with research institutions to transform patented technology into process design and basic design, thus forming their own technological advantages.
(4) There is a serious shortage of high-quality talents in enterprises, professional and technical leaders, project leaders and compound talents with skills, knowledge of law, management and foreign languages. In particular, there is a lack of high-quality talents who can manage projects in accordance with internationally accepted project management models, procedures and standards, and a lack of compound high-level project management talents who are familiar with project management software and can control progress, quality, cost, materials and safety.
(5) The number of internationally competitive engineering companies is too small. At present, there are few international engineering companies in the chemical and petrochemical industries, with narrow business scope and small share in the international contracting market. The annual total turnover of Berkeley Company in the United States is $654.38+03 billion, while the total turnover of foreign projects in China in 2006.54.38+0 is only $8.9 billion, which is not as good as that of an engineering company in the United States. These foreign companies have a wide range of business fields, involving multiple occupations and all multinational companies. Their external turnover accounts for about 50% of the total turnover, and some of them are even higher, with strong anti-risk ability, among which EPC general contracting accounts for 60% ~ 85% of the total business, with strong financing ability and strong market competitiveness.
(6) The laws and regulations of general contracting and project management are not perfect. Except for the Interim Measures for General Contracting Companies issued by the State Planning Commission and the Ministry of Construction in 1984, there are no relevant laws and regulations on general contracting and project management.
(7) The market development of general contracting and project management is not perfect, and most project owners with state-owned investment are unwilling to organize project construction by general contracting and project management for their own interests.
3. Discussion and suggestions
3. 1 Construction of Training Contents for Engineering Project Management Specialty
In order to popularize, popularize and improve the knowledge level of modern project management in China Oil and Gas Corporation, the training center of China State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs entrusted China Oil and Gas Corporation Engineering Design Co., Ltd. to set up a training center (hereinafter referred to as "PetroChina Training Center Station"), which is fully responsible for the correspondence training of modern project management knowledge within the scope of China Oil and Gas Corporation. China State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs Training Center, as the only designated examination registration institution for PMP (project management professionals) qualification certification in China, has been entrusted by project management institute (PMI) since 2000 to promote the PMP qualification certification system in the United States and organize the implementation of PMP qualification certification and examination in China.
The purpose of modern project management knowledge correspondence training is to comprehensively introduce the modern and advanced project management discipline system with the "Guide to Project Management Knowledge System" issued by project management institute (PMI) in the United States as the core, so as to meet the requirements of national vocational qualification examination for project managers, and its content involves five processes of project management and related knowledge, specifically:
(1) project and modern project management (2) project process and project management flow (3) project organization management and project manager (4) project integration management (5) project scope management (6) project time management (7) project cost management (8) project quality management (9) project human resource management (10) project.
3.2 Promote the development and application of project management software and establish a scientific project management system.
General contracting and project management is a complex system operation process. In the process of project construction and implementation, it is necessary to quickly process a large number of data to show whether the implementation effect is deviated (schedule, cost, quality, etc.). ) timely understanding of the current project, provide decision-making basis for managers and guide the next step. Only advanced computer and information technology can complete such a huge workload. Therefore, the application of management software is one of the important means and signs to implement general contracting and project management, and realize the integration with international management mode. The popularization and application of management software will surely make China's project management level step up to a new level.
Because general contracting and project management are based on systems engineering, cybernetics and information theory, and adopt earned value principle, information integration technology and matrix management structure, the whole process of project implementation is dynamically quantified and effectively controlled by highly specialized, scientific and market-oriented means, so as to achieve the best investment benefit. At present, engineering companies and project management companies in industrialized countries have established their own project management systems. Therefore, it is suggested to organize experts from all aspects to conduct in-depth research on the project management system, so as to guide the general contracting enterprises and project management enterprises to establish and improve the project management system. At the same time, establish an assessment system of enterprise project management system to promote the improvement of the overall level of project management.
3.3 Attention should be paid to the risk management of engineering projects.
How to conduct risk analysis is a common concern of domestic workers engaged in project management and project management research. Our country is in the initial stage, and the experience and lessons of risk analysis and evaluation are not systematic and scientific enough. The research field of project risk analysis is almost blank, and most of the project risk analysis is still in the qualitative stage, lacking systematic quantitative analysis methods. Risk management is still a new thing.
The attitude of American enterprises to risk management has undergone a revolutionary change. Risk management has penetrated into enterprises, and all large companies have appointed vice presidents and senior risk managers in charge of risk management. A "risk culture" has been formed and accepted, which is regarded as a very important cost in the business process. This practice and its operation mode are worth learning.
The new Basel Accord formulated by the Bank for International Settlements [1] requires banks engaged in international business in all countries to manage their debts and business risks. This means that effective risk management methods will be extended from the banking system to the private and public sectors. China lags behind the west in reducing risks to an acceptable level through institutional constraints. This prompted international experts. Therefore, it is necessary to change the culture-the project management system should actively take risks and manage risks, instead of relying on traditional methods, such as risk avoidance and other passive defense strategies. It is superficial and dangerous to just graft the risk management system onto the existing system. Therefore, it is necessary to attach importance to risk remedial classes, especially project management risk remedial classes [2].
3.4 Pay special attention to personnel training.
(1) Continue to play the role of trade associations, universities and existing international engineering companies, and strengthen the training of engineering project management professionals. Focus on teaching the design system, procedures, methods and management knowledge of the international common model, so as to speed up the integration of the implementation mechanism of China design units with the international common model; Teach how to transform a group of qualified design and construction supervision enterprises into general contracting and project management companies; Train experienced technicians and managers, and train a large number of project managers, design managers, purchasing managers, construction managers and financial managers needed by general contracting enterprises and project management enterprises, as well as professional technical management talents in contract, planning, cost estimation and control, material control, financing, risk and insurance, claim, quality and safety, so as to meet the needs of the current domestic and international engineering construction market [3].
(2) Combining domestic training with foreign training, summing up the successful experience of promoting engineering companies to enter the international market, signing talent training contracts with foreign engineering companies, and training various professional and management talents for the company in a targeted manner.
(3) Add project management courses to related majors in colleges and universities, popularize project management knowledge, and pay close attention to training reserve professionals.
3.5 Transform and support a number of engineering general contracting and project management enterprises.
(1) Encourage qualified large-scale engineering design and construction enterprises to become international engineering companies with design, procurement, construction (construction management) and start-up functions as soon as possible through transformation and reorganization, restructuring, improving functions and enriching human resources. For large-scale design enterprises with construction management capabilities, policy support should be given when applying for corresponding construction contracting qualifications; For large-scale construction enterprises with design capabilities, policy support should be given when applying for corresponding design qualifications.
(2) Transform and cultivate a number of project management enterprises. Conditional engineering consulting, design, construction, supervision, bidding agency and cost consulting enterprises can become specialized engineering project management (service) enterprises by enriching the corresponding engineering project management professionals and establishing and improving the organization and project management system. Engineering project management enterprises should give appropriate policy support when applying for consulting, design, supervision, bidding agency and cost consulting qualifications.
(3) It is suggested that authoritative departments should identify a number of key supporting enterprises from large-scale design, construction and supervision enterprises with good existing conditions and strong strength, enhance their international competitiveness and actively explore the international market.
Check the information yourself.
Such a question feels meaningless.
After 40 years' mission to heaven, what's the next phase? First of all, can you do novice tasks like catching baby Polly? The task system in RO is very complicated, but the upgrade mainly depends on the task, or on fighting monsters.
I might teach you:
First, beat the green cotton worm in the Polish rabbids to JOB 10, to 1.
Then go to the right side of Pawn to shoot mushrooms, and hit level 26 to pick up the mission of the Paradise Group (after delivering the weapons, the novice will do it). Level 26 must be brought. The task is to fight evil skeleton soldiers and Popoli in Pawn's zombie cave.
Then the ant hole is mixed to 40.
Level 40 received a mission from the Paradise Corps (the second weapon delivery), and the mission was to fight the orcs.
Practice until you work 40-50, and you will be 2 years old.
It is not clear when the next phase of Bear qq will be released. Just pay attention to Bear QQ official website! However, it is still available now.
Hope to adopt
The trend of silver in the next stage and its relationship with the stock market will fall.
Will the next stage of online education break out through channels? I don't know what you mean by channel. It is certain that online education will break out, but in which segment will it break out? Is it adult education? When will exam-oriented education break out? Where will the explosion point be? Platform? Content? Or tools? Hardware? Upstream? Downstream? . Planners believe that cutting into the content will be a foreseeable opportunity for the online education industry.
What is the general trend of RMB exchange rate in the next stage? It all depends on the decision of * * *
If exports fall sharply again,
The possibility of regulating depreciation is not ruled out.
However, exchange rate policy is the last resort.
After all, China is still outside the alliance.
Careless devaluation will cause dissatisfaction and even resistance of countries with trade deficits.
It is likely that there will be no action for a short time.
After a period of time, even * * * does not rule out a small depreciation.
But in the long run,
The final appreciation is still the general trend.
When will the next stage of the AFC Champions League begin? It seems that the lottery will be held on June 23rd and in July. I'm waiting. I'm in such a hurry
What is the next stage in the evolution of digital Tyrannosaurus Piccolomon? Piccolomon is almost finished. There is no evolution down there, is there?
I hope that the evolution data of the next stage of the game pet germination can be read by myself.
Will sea silver wealth focus on overseas investment in the next stage? Read the relevant media reports, briefly, I hope it will help you. With the sustained and rapid development of China's economy, the wealth consciousness of wealthy families in China is awakening, and the appropriate wealth management model is a problem that China and even global financial institutions are thinking about. Overseas investment will be the focus of sea silver wealth's work in the next stage. Hope to adopt.