Translation of stock names

●●●● Buying stocks is called "buying goods" or "sucking goods"

●●●● Shanghai Composite Index, also known as Shanghai Composite Index.

Select some representative stocks from all the stocks listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, and set them as 100 based on the weighted average of the stock prices on a certain day of a month. After each stock price change, a value is obtained by the same algorithm and compared with the benchmark, which is the Shanghai Composite Index.

Generally speaking, it is an indicator to measure the stocks listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange.

If it rises from the current 1050 to 2 100, the index will double, indicating that the value of most stocks in the stock market has doubled, and vice versa.

This index reflects the general trend of the stock market.

●●●●● What do you mean by buying and selling, external disk and internal disk in the computer market?

At present, exchanges are interested in buying and selling.

Disclosure refers to the top three disclosures of the highest buying price and the top three disclosures of the lowest selling price, which belong to instant buying disclosure.

And sales display.

In stock market trading, the smallest unit is "hand", which is equivalent to 100 shares.

●●●● The bull in the stock market is also called "bullish", "buy more" and "do more"

Bearish is also called "bearish" and "short"

●●●● What is MACD?

In stock market computer analysis software (such as Qianlong software), the DIF value is usually subtracted from the DEA (MACD, DEM) value.

Draw a histogram, which is represented by red columns and green columns. Red columns represent positive values and green columns represent negative values. Use red and green.

It is intuitive and practical to analyze the market with a column.

Generally speaking, "red column" means entering the rising stage, and "green column" means entering the falling stage.

●●●●● Cancellation of orders refers to cancellation of unfinished orders. Withdrawal commission

It is to withdraw from the entrustment contract, so investors should remember the entrustment contract number. Ordinary daily stock trading is ok.

By withdrawing the order.

●●●● Opening: The stock market started trading.

Late trading: the period when the stock market is about to end trading.

Closing: The stock market ends trading.

K-line is the result of the struggle between buyers and sellers, also called Yin-Yang line.

K-line is a simple and unified graphic representation of stock price changes in a certain period. If the unit price you choose is one day, it is called daily line, if it is a week, it is called weekly line, if it is a month, it is called monthly line, if it is five minutes, it is called 5-minute line or time-sharing chart, and so on.

●●●● KK line mainly includes four parts: opening price, highest price, lowest price and closing price. Stock market investors' research on K-line also includes upper shadow line, lower shadow line and K-line entity, and the changes of these three parts generally indicate the rhythm of stock price changes.

●●●●● If you want to study K-line, you must first understand K-line. Thirdly, K-lines are mainly divided into two categories, namely, positive lines and negative lines.

When the closing price of the day is greater than the opening price of the day, we call it the positive line.

When the closing price of the day is less than the opening price of the day, we call it a negative line.

●●●K K-line is to use this graph to show the stock price changes at various stages of the stock market through its alternating K-line changes, so as to find the traces of stock market makers and achieve the simplest law of buying low and selling high in the stock market.

●●●● He published "China Stock Market Rebound Theory", which triggered stock market shocks.

A research report written by Xu Xiaonian on May 38, 2006+September pointed out that the current market adjustment is inevitable and healthy. It is even estimated that the market will be "cleaner" if the index falls to 1000, and the China stock market should be thoroughly remoulded. His remarks about the transformation of China's securities market from "enterprise-oriented theory" to "shareholder-oriented theory" have aroused strong concern and great controversy in the industry.

●●●●●● Common stock and preferred stock

At present, the shares issued by listed companies in China are all ordinary shares, that is, each share enjoys the same rights and interests to listed companies, that is, listed companies may not impose any restrictions on the same rights enjoyed by shareholders, and may share the corresponding dividends with the profits of joint stock limited companies.

The so-called preferred stock refers to the stock that a joint stock limited company gives priority to the company's property when it is liquidated or dissolved, but under normal circumstances, shareholders have no voting rights, and the company pays dividends to shareholders at a fixed interest rate.

●●●A A shares, B shares, H shares, N shares and S shares.

The stocks of listed companies in China include A shares, B shares, H shares, N shares and S shares, which depend on the listing place and investors.

The official name of A shares is RMB common stock. Common shares issued by domestic companies for domestic institutions, organizations or individuals (excluding investors from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) to subscribe and trade in RMB.

The official name of B shares is RMB special shares. It is denominated in RMB, subscribed and traded in foreign currency, and listed and traded on domestic (Shenzhen, Shanghai) stock exchanges. Its investors are limited to: overseas natural persons, legal persons and other organizations, natural persons, legal persons and other organizations in Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province, China citizens who have settled abroad, China residents (unincorporated) and other investors as stipulated by the China Securities Regulatory Commission. B-share companies are registered and listed in China, but investors are at home and abroad or in Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province of China.

H shares, that is, foreign shares registered in the mainland and listed in Hong Kong. The English of HongKong is Hong Kong, and the foreign shares listed in Hong Kong are called H shares. By analogy, new york's first English letter is N, Singapore's first English letter is S, and the stocks listed in new york and Singapore are called N shares and S shares respectively.

●●●● State-owned shares, legal person shares and public shares

According to different investors, the shares of listed companies in China can be divided into state-owned shares, legal person shares and social public shares.

The index of state-owned shares has the right to invest in the company with state-owned assets on behalf of state-funded departments or institutions, including shares converted from the company's existing state-owned assets. Because most joint-stock enterprises in China are reformed from the original large and medium-sized enterprises, state-owned shares account for a large proportion of the company's equity. Through reorganization, various economic sectors can coexist in the same enterprise, while the state can control more resources with less funds by holding shares and consolidate the position of public ownership.

Enterprise stock index An enterprise legal person or a public institution or social organization with legal personality invests its legally operated assets in the shares formed by the unlisted circulating shares of the Company. At present, in the ownership structure of listed companies in China, legal person shares account for about 20% on average. According to the subscribers of legal person shares, legal person shares can be further divided into three parts: domestic legal person shares, overseas legal person shares and legal person shares.

Social public shares refer to the shares formed by individuals and institutions in China who invest their legal property in the company's tradable shares. At present, the stocks listed for investors to buy and sell are all public shares. China's Company Law stipulates that the number of shares held by a single natural person shall not exceed 5‰ of the company's shares.

●●●● Company employee shares and internal employee shares

The employee shares of the company are the shares subscribed by the employees of the company at the issue price when the company issues shares to the public. According to the Interim Regulations on the Administration of Stock Issuance and Trading, the share capital of the company's employee shares shall not exceed 65,438+00% of the total share capital to be issued to the public. The employee shares of a company can be listed and circulated six months after the company's shares are listed.

1998165438+1From October 25th, the employee shares of the company stopped issuing. Since then, the company has been listed to issue new shares, and employees have no "preferential" treatment 10%.

Internal employee stock is a concept left over from history, which is completely different from enterprise employee stock. In the initial stage of the pilot joint-stock system in China, some joint-stock companies that do not publicly issue shares to the society but only raise shares from corporate legal persons and internal employees are called directional offering companies, and the shares issued by companies held by internal employees as investors are called internal employee shares. This kind of stock can not be listed and traded until three years after the company's stock is listed. The State Council officially issued a document on 1993, clearly stipulating that the approval and issuance of internal employee shares should be stopped.

●●●●●● Circulating shares and "three no concept stocks"

The concept of tradable shares only exists in China stock market. The so-called tradable shares are those common shares that can be freely transferred in the stock exchange, which can be understood as public shares. According to national practice, at least 25% of the shares of listed companies are held by the public. In China, due to different national conditions, in addition to state-owned shares, there are legal person shares and internal employee shares, which are temporarily not allowed to be listed and circulated, that is to say, some common shares are not allowed to be listed and circulated.

Of course, not all listed companies have a large number of state-owned shares. You may have seen the word "three noes" (in fact, it should be "five noes") in newspapers and periodicals, which means that some listed companies have no state-owned shares, legal person shares, foreign-funded shares, internal employee shares or allotment, and all shares are public shares and can be circulated.

●●●● Blue chips and red chips

In foreign countries, investors refer to the stocks of large companies that occupy a dominant position in their respective industries, with excellent performance, active trading and rich dividends as blue chips.

The word "carrying basket" comes from western casinos. In western casinos, there are three colors of chips, among which blue chips are the most valuable, followed by red chips and white chips are the worst. Investors use these words in stocks.

The concept of red chips was born in the Hong Kong stock market in the early 1990s. Because China is sometimes called "Red China" internationally, Hong Kong and international investors call those stocks registered overseas and listed in Hong Kong with the concept of mainland China as red chips.

●●●● Opening price and closing price

The opening price is the first trading price of a stock on each trading day.

At present, in order to curb speculation, it is stipulated that the single-day fluctuation range of stocks listed on Shenzhen Stock Exchange or Shanghai Stock Exchange (hereinafter referred to as Shenzhen Stock Exchange and Shanghai Stock Exchange) shall not exceed 10% of the closing price of the previous trading day. According to international practice, the closing price is the last 1 second before the closing time.

However, due to excessive speculation and serious market manipulation in China stock market in the early years, there are always some bookmakers who maliciously raise or lower the stock price at the last 1 second before 3pm, so as to affect the price limit of 10% in the next trading day. Therefore, China Securities Regulatory Commission finally stipulated the closing price as the average trading price in the last trading minute.

●●●● daily limit, daily limit and daily limit

In order to curb speculation, the CSRC limits the maximum fluctuation range of the trading price of each stock on each trading day relative to the closing price of the previous trading day, which is the fluctuation range limit. The current price limit is that the transaction price of the day can only be within 10% of the closing price of the previous trading day. When the transaction price is 10% of the closing price of the previous trading day, this transaction price is the daily limit, that is, the "daily limit". When the transaction price is-10% of the closing price of the previous trading day, this transaction price is the daily limit, that is, the "daily limit".

●●●●●● Effective entrustment and quota entrustment

Effective entrustment means that the entrusted price of investors is within the effective price range for a stock. In combination with the restrictions of fluctuating accounts, the price range of effective entrustment is 10% of the closing price of the previous trading day, and the limit of the number of buying entrustment is an integer multiple of 100 shares, that is, at least 1 hand (1 hand = 100 shares) must be bought, but the number of selling entrustment is not limited. Only the entrustment that meets the above price and quantity restrictions can be accepted by the exchange and enter the matching system, waiting for the transaction to succeed.

When investors (stockholders) entrust the securities department to buy and sell stocks, they can attach restrictions on the price, which is called price limit entrustment. For the purchase order, the transaction price shall not be higher than the customer's quotation; For the selling entrustment, the transaction price shall not be lower than the customer's quotation, otherwise it will be considered invalid, and the shareholders shall not make delivery (delivery refers to the process of clearing money and goods in stock trading, that is, the buyer pays the money, the seller hands over the stock, and the stock and funds are recorded in the stock account and the capital account respectively), and all the consequences shall be borne by the securities department (broker). This is why the transaction price of buying stocks is sometimes lower than their own entrusted purchase price, while the transaction price of selling stocks is sometimes higher than their own entrusted selling price.

●●●●●● Zero shares and zero shares

Stocks with less than 100 shares are called zero shares. You can't buy odd shares, but you can sell them.

Stocks with less than 1 share are fragmentary shares, which generally appear after dividends and rights issues. For example, Sichuan Changhong 1998 Dividend 10 has 2.3076 shares, and 0.3076 shares are fragmentary shares. Shenzhen and Shanghai stock markets have different methods to deal with fragmentary stocks. The Shenzhen Stock Exchange will not issue shares, and the remaining fragmentary shares will be deposited in the risk account of Shenzhen Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation. Shanghai Stock Exchange queues the scattered shares due to each shareholder according to their size until they are delivered. If the size is the same, it will be decided by computer random drawing.

●●●● Blue chips and junk stocks

Blue-chip stocks are outstanding stocks of listed companies.

In foreign countries, blue-chip stocks mainly refer to the stocks of large companies with excellent performance and relatively stable performance. After long-term efforts, these large companies have achieved a high market share in the industry, formed the advantages of operating scale, steadily increased profits and high market visibility.

In China, the main indicators for investors to measure blue-chip stocks are after-tax profit per share and return on net assets. After-tax profit per share is in the upper-middle position among all listed companies, and stocks with a return on net assets of more than 10% for three consecutive years after listing are blue chips.

Blue-chip stocks have high return on investment and investment value. These listed companies have the advantages of capital, market and reputation, and have strong adaptability to various market changes. The share price of blue-chip stocks is generally stable, showing a long-term upward trend. Therefore, blue-chip stocks are always favored by investors, especially stable investors who are engaged in long-term investment (that is, long-term).

Corresponding to blue-chip stocks, junk stock indexes are the stocks of companies with poor performance. Due to various reasons, such as poor industry prospects, poor management, losses and so on. , this kind of listed companies in the market performance is low, the stock price is low, the transaction is not active, and the year-end dividend is poor. Investors must be cautious when investing in such stocks, and don't blindly follow suit.

Of course, blue-chip stocks and junk stocks are not absolute. Today's blue-chip stocks will become junk stocks in the future because of company decision-making mistakes and improper management; On the contrary, today's junk stocks may become tomorrow's blue chips after asset reorganization, improving management level and producing marketable products.

●●●●●● allotment and allotment transfer

Rights issue is the behavior of listed companies to further issue new shares and raise funds to the original shareholders according to the needs of the company's development and relevant regulations and procedures. Traditionally, when a company issues shares, the subscription right of new shares is distributed among the original shareholders according to the proportion of the original shares, that is, the original shareholders have the preemptive right.

Share transfer is a unique product of China stock market. The holders of state-owned shares and legal person shares give up the rights issue option and give it to other legal persons or the public. The new shares subscribed by these legal persons or the public when exercising the corresponding allotment options are called allotment.

The rights issue was originally stipulated not to be listed and circulated, but now it has entered the listing and circulation procedure.

●●●● ST stock and PT stock.

Now some stocks have the word "ST" in front of their names, which are usually called ST stocks, that is, stocks that need special treatment.

"ST" is the abbreviation of English special treatment. Companies that need special treatment generally have poor performance. According to Chapter 9 of the Listing Rules of Shenzhen Stock Exchange, "Special Handling of Listed Companies under Abnormal Conditions", when a listed company has abnormal financial or other circumstances, which makes it difficult for investors to judge the company's prospects and may damage investors' rights and interests, the Exchange will give special treatment to its stock trading.

The so-called "abnormal financial situation" means that the net profit in the last two fiscal years is negative (1); (2) The net assets per share are lower than the face value.

"Other abnormal conditions" refer to natural disasters and major accidents. Basically stop the company's production and business activities, and the company is involved in lawsuits that may compensate for more than the company's net assets.

The contents of "special treatment" include: the daily fluctuation of the company's stock is limited to 5%, the interim report must be audited, and the stock market display has special tips.

During the period of special treatment, the rights and obligations of the company remain unchanged, that is, special treatment is not a punishment for the company, and the responsibility of the stock exchange is to disclose and supervise the information of listed companies, not to assess their operating performance. The purpose of special treatment is to remind investors to pay attention to risks, prevent abnormal fluctuations in stock prices, maintain market trading order and protect investors' interests.

The special treatment of abnormal financial situation is generally not less than 12 months. If the audit results of the company's financial statements in the next year show that the financial situation has returned to normal, it may apply to the exchange for cancellation of special treatment. The Exchange will decide whether to cancel the special treatment according to the principles of protecting investors' rights and interests to the maximum extent, strictly controlling stock market risks and the actual improvement degree of the company. If the company loses money in the third year after two consecutive years of special treatment, the exchange will suspend its stock trading and submit a proposal to the CSRC to suspend listing. The cancellation of special handling of other abnormal situations depends on the actual situation, and the company should generally apply.

PT stock:

When ST shares lose money for three consecutive years, the listing of the stock will be suspended, and the original PT shares will be added with the word PT before the stock name. PT is the abbreviation of English granular transfer.

In order to give investors who hold the shares and investors who want to buy the shares a chance to trade, the stock exchange will accept the pt share transfer declaration made by the Securities Department on behalf of investors at the opening time every Friday (excluding legal holidays). After the market closes on that day, all declarations on that day will be made in the form of call auction. The increase of the transfer price relative to the previous transfer price cannot exceed +5% (the calculation result is rounded to 0.0 1 yuan), and the decrease is unlimited.

The PT share code remains unchanged, and the transfer information will be announced by the designated newspapers and periodicals on the next day of the transfer date, which will not be displayed in the trading market and will not be included in the index calculation and market statistics. The market display of the securities department cannot display the contents of PT shares. Settlement and related taxes and fees shall be handled with reference to the relevant provisions on stock trading of listed companies. During the suspension of listing, the rights and obligations of listed companies remain unchanged. Those who meet the statutory requirements can resume listing after the application is passed.

Now, all PT shares have been cancelled (resumed listing or delisted).

●●●● Shenzhen Composite Index

The statistical base period of "Shenzhen Composite Index" is 199 1 April 3, that is, the total market value of the stock on that day is set at 100, and the changing stock price will make the total market value change constantly. The index of1June 30, 999 is 500, which means that the total market value of the whole Shenzhen stock market is five times that of the base period.

The composite index has been used and will be used for a long time. Refers to the total market value of all shareholders listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (including the "market value" of non-tradable shares), in which all A shares are used to compile the A-share index and all B shares are used to compile the B-share index. It can be seen that the change of any stock will cause the change of the comprehensive index. The formula for calculating this index is:

Today's index = total market value of today's index stocks/total market value of base index stocks × base index.

The benchmark index = 100.

After the market opens every day, with the constant change of the stock price, the opening price of call auction at 9: 25 every day (the closing price of the previous trading day without traders) is calculated according to the above formula, so the formula for rolling calculation of real-time index becomes.

(Real-time index = closing index on the last trading day × total market value of real-time index stocks/adjusted total market value of closing index stocks on the last day)

Pay attention to what is "adjustment"? In other words, when new shares are listed or old shares are suspended every day, as the comparability of the index, the total market value of a stock cannot be increased because of its new listing. It is also said that the composite index has risen a little, which is definitely wrong. In order to avoid this error and maintain the continuity of the index, the original fixed divisor is corrected by divisor correction method, and the formula is as follows:

(Total market value of stocks before correction/original divisor = total market value of stocks after correction/divisor after correction)

Therefore, the "modified divisor" can be obtained and the future index can be calculated accordingly. The stock price decline after ex-dividend and ex-dividend is generally not corrected and calculated naturally.

During the opening of the stock market, that is, 9: 30 am-11:30 am and 1:00-3:00 pm, all the indexes are real-time indexes. The index seen from 3:00 pm to 9:25 am on the next trading day is the final closing index. It can be seen on computer monitors, screens, TV news, newspapers and the Internet in the securities business department.