The composition and activities of the debate are divided into the following ten parts: (1) Participants. In recent years, the popular large-scale debate competition is generally attended by 8 teams (4 people per team). There are four people in each team, divided into one debate, two debates, three debates and four debates; Others are divided into one debate, two debates, three debates and free speech, and seats are arranged from the center to the side of the debate field in this order. But sometimes different things happen. Among them, the first debate is mainly about expounding one's own views, which requires the skills of getting to the point and the ability of in-depth discussion. To bring the audience into the atmosphere of debate, it requires the ability to speak and infect; The debate on the 23rd is mainly aimed at our own point of view. We should compete fiercely with the debaters of the other side, requiring them to have strong logical thinking ability and extraordinary reaction ability, be able to seize the flaws of the other side, expose them for their own use, be flexible and humorous, and drive the atmosphere on the field. The four debates should be able to sum up their own views well and develop and sublimate. They should be full of passion and strength and push the atmosphere to another climax.
(2) the host. In the debate, there must be a moderator, also known as the chairman, to preside over the debate. He (she) maintains the good order of the debate venue and ensures that the debate activities are conducted in an orderly manner in accordance with the rules of debate. The host sits between the two teams, slightly behind the players' seats, which is convenient for observing the whole debate venue.
(3) judges. Since the debate is a kind of competition, the contestants need to comment and judge whether they win or lose. A judge must have professional knowledge related to the content of the debate. They are generally composed of several judges or juries, including a chief judge or an executive chairman who presides over the meeting of judges or juries.
(4) notaries. In a formal debate, there are usually notaries present, who are responsible for notarizing the activities and results of the debate and providing legally recognized evidence for the activities and related personnel of the debate. Some debates can also be held without a notary.
(5) Formulating rules of debate. The usual rules of the debate are: first, the elimination system of the debate with multi-teams will be carried out, and the winner will be decided after the preliminary, semi-final and final competitions. Second, it is necessary to stipulate the order in which the eight debaters on both sides speak. Third, we should set a time limit for speaking.
(six) determine the debate. What are the two sides debating in the debate? What issues should be debated around? This is to determine the topic of debate, so that the two sides can debate from both sides around the topic of debate. Determining what kind of debate topic has a great influence on the debate activities, determines the scope of the debate content, and also affects whether the debate between the two sides can be carried out well. Judging from the practical experience of the debate competition, we should focus on two points when choosing the debate topic: First, the practical significance of the debate topic. That is, whether the debate itself is a concern. Whether the debate can inspire people will not only affect the enthusiasm of the audience, but also affect the enthusiasm of the contestants, and ultimately affect the atmosphere and effect of the debate; Secondly, the identifiability of the debate. If one side's viewpoint stipulated in the debate is obviously correct, while the other side's viewpoint is obviously wrong and lacks distinguishability, then the party with obviously wrong viewpoint can't strongly refute the other side's viewpoint, and at the same time, because of obviously wrong viewpoint, it is difficult to convince people how to debate, and the impression given is always unconvincing. Therefore, it is not easy for the other side to demonstrate their views in depth, which ultimately leads to the difficulty for both sides to have an in-depth debate and affects the effectiveness of the debate.
(7) Determine the arguments of both sides. After the topic of the debate is determined, the two sides should be divided into positive and negative sides. The positive side holds a positive view of the purpose of the debate, while the negative side holds an opposite view, which leads to the debate between the two sides and their theories. The two sides of the competition, who is for and who is against, shall be decided by the two sides by drawing lots. After the pros and cons are decided, give the contestants some time to prepare, and the debate can proceed.
(8) Judge the winners. After the debate between the two sides, the jury or judges temporarily leave the debate venue to judge the winning team and the excellent debater (also known as the best debater). During this period, the host can organize the audience to express their opinions on the debate. The jury or judges will return to the venue immediately after the review, and the executive chairman or the director of the judges will take the stage to comment on the debates of both sides on behalf of the jury or judges, and then hand over the list of outstanding debaters and winning teams to the moderator, who will announce them on the spot.
(9) Notary issued a notarial opinion. After the verdict is announced, the notary will give notarial opinions on the activities of the debate and the verdict, as well as the performance of each debater.
(10) Issuing certificates and prizes. After the final of the whole debate, certificates and prizes will be awarded to the winning team and outstanding debaters.
2 Competition Procedures (Brief)
1, the debate begins
2. declare the debate open
3. Introduce the teams and their positions.
Step 4 introduce team members
5. Introduce the rule judges and reviewers.
6. Debate contest
7. Rule judges and examiners withdraw from comments.
8. The audience can ask questions freely.
9. Rule the referee to speak and comment on the guest's speech.
10, announce the result of the game.
1 1, the debate is over.
3 detailed rules
1, time prompt
In the free debate stage, when each party has 30 seconds left, the timekeeper will use a short bell to remind them; Time's up. End the speech with a bell. In the summary stage of attack and defense, when each side has 10 seconds left, the timekeeper will remind you with a short bell, and when the time is up, he will end his speech with a bell. At other stages, when each player has 30 seconds left, the timekeeper will remind him with a short bell, and when the time is up, he will stop speaking with the bell. When the bell rings, the speaker must stop talking, otherwise it will be dealt with in violation of regulations.
2. Introduction meeting; exhibition
Advocate impromptu statements and quote classics appropriately.
3. Opening remarks
Because most of the debates in this contest are full of life colors, there is no need to dwell too much on the theoretical level in the opening debate. Argumentation requires clear logic and conciseness.
4. Attacks and debates
(1) The debate on offense and defense begins with two debates, and the pros and cons alternate.
(2) The pros and cons participate in the debate. A summary of the debate between the pros and cons. Two or three arguments must be used as an attacker once; The defense is arbitrarily designated by the attacker, and the number of times is not limited. Both the offensive and defensive sides must complete this round of attack and defense independently, and cannot be replaced in the middle.
(3) Both sides must answer each other's questions directly, and the questions and answers should be concise and clear. Repeated questions and evasive questions will be deducted. In each round of attack and defense, the roles of attack and defense shall not be exchanged, the defense shall not ask questions, and the attacker shall not answer questions.
(4) The pros and cons have completed the first round of attack and defense. When either side is seated, it is deemed that it has completed its own attack and defense, and the other player can play at will (make a statement or continue to ask questions) within a limited time.
(5) The stage of each round of defense is 1 minute and 30 seconds, and each question of the attacker shall not exceed 10 second, and more than three questions must be asked in each round. The defense cannot answer for more than 20 seconds at a time. Don't talk with the bell when the time is up. If both sides have not finished asking or answering questions, no points will be deducted. (6) After four rounds of attack and defense, the team will summarize the attack and defense by the positive side and then by the opposing side, with a time limit of 1 minute and 30 seconds. Both sides should summarize the situation and content involved in the offensive and defensive stage, and it is strictly forbidden to recite the manuscript from the actual situation of the game.
5. Free debate
At this stage, the pros and cons automatically take turns to speak. The speaker's seat marks the beginning of the other speaker's speech at the end of the speech, and the other debater must speak immediately after it; If there is a gap, the accumulation will proceed as usual. There is no limit to the order in which the same debater speaks. If one party runs out of time, the other party can continue to speak or signal the chairman to give up speaking. Free debate advocates active confrontation, and the party who avoids confrontation more than twice on important issues will be deducted, and the questions that the other party has clearly answered will be deducted appropriately.
Step 6 ask questions from the audience
The performance of the pros and cons in the audience questioning stage is included in the competition results. The questions raised by the audience can only be answered after more than two judges have judged them valid. The pros and cons each answer questions raised by two spectators, and both sides answer any debater except the four debates. The answer time of a question is 1 minute. If one debater's answer time is not full, other debaters can supplement it.
7. Both sides of the closing debate should make a summary statement on the overall situation of the debate; Be divorced from reality, recite the manuscript prepared in advance, and deduct points appropriately.
skill
(1) There is a trick in the martial arts novel called "fighting with soldiers". It means that people with deep internal forces can use their opponents' attack power to fight back. This method is also suitable for argument.
(2) replacing wood with flowers to remove the defective parts of the other party's argument and replace them with our favorable views or materials can often achieve the miraculous effect of "four or two." This technique is called "replacing wood with flowers".
(3) Clearly agree with the other party's point of view, follow the other party's logic, and set some reasonable obstacles in the derivation according to our needs, so that the other party's point of view cannot be established under additional conditions, or draw a conclusion completely opposite to the other party's point of view.
(4) Thoroughly cleaning up The so-called thorough cleaning up, in this article, is a metaphor, pointing out that the other party's argument is not closely related to the topic or runs counter to it, fundamentally correcting the foothold of the other party's argument, pulling it into our "sphere of influence" and making it just serve our point of view. Compared with the "pushing the boat with the current" method of forward reasoning, this technique is just the opposite of its thinking.
(5) Selective questioning is one of the offensive moves used by many debaters. Usually this kind of question is premeditated, which will make people fall into a "dilemma". No matter which choice the other party makes, it is not good for them. A specific skill to deal with this kind of problem is to take out a preset option from the other party's selective questions and carry out a strong backchat to fundamentally frustrate the other party's spirit.
(6) Go straight to the crux In the debate, it is often that the two sides are entangled in some trivial issues, examples or expressions. As a result, the debate seems to be lively, but in fact it is irrelevant to Wan Li. This is a taboo in argument. An important skill is to quickly find out the key problem in the other side's argument after the other side has debated and argued, so as to seize this problem and attack it to the end theoretically.
(7) Using Contradictions Because each side of the debate is composed of four players, four players often have contradictions during the debate. Even the same player may have conflicts in the free debate because he speaks too fast. Once this happens, we should seize it immediately and try our best to expand the contradiction of the other side so that it has no time to attack us.
(8) "Draw the snake out of the hole" In the debate, there is often a deadlock: when the other side insists on its own argument, no matter how we attack it, when the other side only uses a few words to deal with it, if it still adopts the method of frontal attack, it will inevitably have little effect. In this case, it is necessary to adjust the means of attack as soon as possible, adopt a circuitous method, start with seemingly insignificant issues, and induce the other party to leave the position, thus hitting the other party and causing a sensational effect in the hearts of the judges and the audience.
When we encounter some arguments that are difficult to demonstrate logically or theoretically, we have to adopt the method of "Li Jiang" and introduce new concepts to solve the difficulties.
(10) plan to slow down the troops. First of all, as the saying goes, "haste makes waste." Hasty action when the time is not ripe often fails to achieve the goal. The same is true of argumentation, and "slowness" is also necessary under certain conditions. The method of "winning slowly" is actually a tactic to delay the opponent's invasion. When the situation is not suitable for a quick decision or the time is not ripe, we should delay the time and wait for the arrival of the fighter plane. Once the time is right, we can attack the enemy from behind and defeat the opponent. For example, in the first case, Churchill was not in a hurry to succeed when the time was not ripe, but waited slowly. At the critical moment of discussing the candidate for prime minister, he expressed his opposition with silence and finally won. Second, the method of "winning by slowness" is applicable to the situation that the inferior is superior and the weak is strong. It is a strategic means adopted by the weak to defeat the seemingly powerful side. There are strategies in slowness, and the slowness should be clever. The word "slow" here is not synonymous with slow response and inarticulate, but a magic weapon for an eloquent speaker to plan and plan. Playing dumb and stalling is actually a delaying tactic. In this difficult stalemate, Chamberlain finally lost his temper and Churchill finally won by slow tactics. Thirdly, it is a good technology to control heat with cold. In an argument, people with poor self-control get excited easily. It should be handled in slow motion and slow tone. Only when the other person is calm can he "calm down and decompress". For example, in the second case, the salesperson calmed the other party's anger and resolved the contradiction with a calm attitude and gentle tone. In short, "fast" and "slow" in the debate are also integrated. Sometimes "slow" has its beauty. Slow can stand by, make plans and control anger. Slow is a tough tactic, a protracted war and a delaying tactic in the war of words. Although it takes a long time to walk slowly and make a big circle, but