1. The direct reasons that prompted some ancient apes to walk upright are: natural conditions (the earth's climate changes, precipitation decreases, forest area decreases and degenerates into grasslands).
2. The earliest place where human fossils were discovered: the Great Rift Valley in East Africa.
3. Walking upright is an important factor to promote human evolution and an important symbol of human birth.
4. The influence of upright posture on the formation of human physique;
1. Upright makes the chest develop to both sides, the chest cavity expands, and the upper limbs move more freely.
2. Erection makes the laryngeal angle smaller and promotes the great evolution of vocal organs.
3. Erect the skull on the spine to promote the development of the brain.
4. Upright makes the spine develop into an S-bend, and the whole body's center of gravity moves down to ensure the stability of walking.
5. The difference between human hand and ape hand:
1. Ape hands adapt to climbing life, with short thumbs and underdeveloped thenar muscles, and cannot flexibly cooperate with other fingers.
2. After delivery, the thumb grows, the thenar muscles are developed, and the thumb and other four fingers can grasp flexibly and make fine movements.
6. Paleolithic Age: the use of forged stone tools (3 million years ago)
Neolithic age: the use of grinded stone tools (654.38+0 million years ago)
7. 1. Ancient human settlements: Africa, Asia, Europe, etc.
2. Climatic characteristics of ancient human settlements: warm, humid and lush plants.
3. The earliest human fossil in China: Yuanmou fossil in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province, dating back to 6,543,800 years.
8. Comparison between Beijingers and cavemen
Category Beijingers cavemen
Residence: Longgu Mountain, Zhoukoudian, Southwest Beijing Longgu Mountain Cave, Zhoukoudian, Southwest Beijing
He lived about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago, about 1.8 million years ago.
Physical and physical characteristics are close to those of modern people, but there are still basically the same ape characteristics as modern people.
Production tools are hammered with stone tools, and sticks are ground with stone tools. Hammer is still the main method, understand?
drilling technology
The use of fire uses natural fire and knows how to make a fire artificially.
Living conditions, social life, family life
9. What's the difference in appearance between cavemen and Beijingers?
Beijingers have a flat forehead, thick eyebrows and spine, high cheekbones and no obvious chin, and their faces still have the characteristics of apes. The face of cavemen is basically the same as that of modern people.
10. What are the advantages of artificial fire compared with natural fire?
Humans can use fire at any time, and their ability to adapt to the natural environment is further enhanced.
1. China is the first country in the world to grow rice and millet.
2. Turkey and Greece were the first countries to domesticate cattle.
Corn was first planted in Mexico.
4. West Asia was the first region to domesticate sheep and grow wheat and barley.
5. The appearance and development of primitive agriculture and animal husbandry marks the transformation of human beings from food gatherers to food producers. What are the far-reaching effects of this change?
1, production tools have been significantly improved, grinding stone tools have appeared, and human beings have entered the Neolithic age.
2. It promotes the development of social handicraft industry.
3. With the emergence of agricultural villages, human beings have gradually realized their settled life.
6. The difference between new and old stone tools: When making stone tools, you only need to make stones into the required shapes, while when making grinding stone tools, you need to polish the stones, and most grinding stone tools have also been polished.
7. What is the difference between the ancestors of Neolithic Age and Paleolithic Age in production and life?
Grinding stone tools and pottery were used in Neolithic Age, and grinding stone tools were used in Paleolithic Age. The Neolithic age lived a settled life, and the Paleolithic age was dominated by gathering, fishing and hunting.
8. Ancient West Asian villages:
1. What parts does this village consist of? What kind of house do you have?
The village consists of rectangular thick walls, living areas and production areas. The house there is a rectangular house made of mud, and the roof is covered with grass.
2. What production activities do people engage in? What animals do they domesticate from the pictures?
People engage in agriculture, animal husbandry and handicraft production. They mainly domesticate cattle, sheep and pigs.
3. What kind of furniture and household appliances do they use?
There is a simple stone platform with grass as the bed on the ground, and the daily utensils are mainly pottery.
4. Do the villagers communicate with the outside world?
There is a door on the fence that leads to the outside of the village. Or climb the fence with a special ladder.
9. Banpo clan lived in the Loess Plateau of the Yellow River valley about five or six thousand years ago, which is now banpo village, Xi City, Shaanxi Province. Hemudu clan lived in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River about 7000 years ago, which is now Hemudu village in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province.
10. Banpo residents Hemudu residents
About five or six thousand years ago, about seven thousand years ago.
Distribution: Yellow River Basin and Yangtze River Basin
Natural conditions are dry, rivers are not too humid, and water networks are dense.
Architectural style, semi-basement type, dry column type
Pottery, painted pottery and black pottery
Domestic animals, pigs and cattle
Crops grow wheat, millet and rice.
1. The Epic of Gilgamesh is the earliest known epic in the world. The ancients carved cuneiform characters on 12 clay tablets.
2. People: The Forgotten
Location: Ulukgu Kingdom in the two river basins of West Asia.
Textual research: There was indeed a man in history who was the head of a city-state, built city walls and directed wars against other countries.
3. Characters: King Menelaus of Sparta, Queen Helen of Sparta, Prince Paris of Troy,
King Agamemnon of Mycenae
Venue: Turkey, Greek Peninsula
Textual research: The Trojan War did exist.
4. Shennong: invented thunder, taught people to farm, invented medicine, invented pottery, opened a market and tasted various herbs.
Xuanyuanshi: Build palaces, invent vehicles and boats, make clothes, teach people to dig wells, and let subordinates invent figures.
Calendar, arithmetic, music
Lei Zu: Invented sericulture and spinning.
5. abdication system: Yao Shunyu hereditary system: Yu Qi
1. Location of ancient Egypt: East Red Sea, Arabian Desert. Western Sahara desert.
South Africa's primeval jungle. Northern Mediterranean
2. The climate of ancient Egypt: drought and little rain.
3. The influence of the Nile on ancient Egypt: flooding in summer and harvesting in autumn.
4. The development schedule of ancient Egypt: 3500 BC-the emergence of ancient Egyptian countries.
3 100 BC-menes unified ancient Egypt with Memphis as its capital.
BC15th century-Ancient Egypt became a military empire.
6th century BC-Ancient Egypt was destroyed by Persia.
5. The location of Babylon: two watersheds in the fertile crescent.
6. The climate of Babylon: drought, little rain and unstable rivers.
7. The founder of ancient Babylonian civilization: Sumerians.
8. The development schedule of ancient Babylon: 3500 BC-towns, temples, palaces and writing appeared.
BC18th century-King Hammurabi of Babylon unified the two river basins and made Babylon its capital.
9. The location of ancient India: South Asian subcontinent
10. The climate of ancient India: warm and humid.
1 1. Harappa cultural site: Mohenjo legal hero+Harappa.
12. The development schedule of ancient India: 2500 BC-the emergence of city-states.
Mid-20th century BC-Aryan invasion
3rd century BC-King Ashoka of Mohato unified the Indian Peninsula.
13. Ancient India was the birthplace of Buddhism: Northern Line: Mahayana Buddhism dominated, and entered China via Pamirs.
Now it has been introduced from China to South Korea, Japan and other countries.
Southbound: Hinayana Buddhism was introduced from Sri Lanka to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries.
14. Ancient geographical conditions and agriculture in China: Yellow River-rich vegetation, flat terrain-growing wheat and millet.
The Yangtze River-abundant rainfall, dense water network and warm climate-is rich in rice.
15. Cultural Relics and Culture: Yucong-Liangzhu Culture in the Yangtze River Basin
Hongshan Culture, the site of Niushen Temple in Liaohe River Basin
Eggshell and Black Pottery Cup —— Longshan Culture in the Yellow River Basin
Bronze —— Transition from Stone Age to Metal Age
Farming equipment-agriculture enters the era of cultivated land
16. China ancient development schedule: 2070 BC-Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty established by Yu.
65438 BC+0600 BC —— Destroying Xia Bamboo Merchants
17 years of ancient civilization.
The Nile valley in ancient Egypt was around 3000 BC.
The Euphrates and Tigris rivers in ancient Babylon are about18th century BC.
The Indus and Ganges rivers in ancient India were around 2500 BC.
The Yellow River and the Yangtze River in ancient China were around 2070 BC.
1. Two River Valley City Ur
2. Mohenjo heroes in the Indus Valley
3. Erlitou Site, the capital of Xia Dynasty in China.
4. Pharaoh pyramids in ancient Egypt
5. Babylonian bureaucratic army
6. The hereditary system of criminal prison of Jiuding Army in ancient Kyushu, China.
7. A divided society
(1) Ancient Egypt
Ruling class: royal family, monks and nobles.
Freemen: artisans and farmers
Slave: prisoner of war
② Ancient India
Brahman: mastering sacrifice
Khrushchev: king, soldier, official
Vedas: farmers, herders, craftsmen and businessmen.
Sudra: the conquered, the poor who lost their land and the bankrupt.
(3) Ancient China
Ruling class: Shang king
Noble: officials and tribal leaders.
Civilians: engaged in farming and going out in wartime.
Slaves: prisoners of war and criminals
8. The army and criminal law
Army: Egyptian, China Xia Dynasty, China Shang Dynasty.
Criminal Law: code of hammurabi in Babylon and the harsh criminal law in Xia and Shang Dynasties in China.
9. city of ur was the capital of the third Ur Dynasty in 3000 BC, and it was the religious and commercial center in the south of the two river basins at that time.
10. Dayu's practice of strengthening kingship
(1) Tushan Congress
(2) killing Fang Feng's family
(3) Delineation of Kyushu
(4) Casting Jiuding
1 1. Fu Hao, the wife of Shang Zhouwang Wu Ding, is the first female general with both civil and military skills recorded in our country. There are more than 200 records about her in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. She led 13000 troops to attack the invading ghost party and returned to China with great victory. She won the love of Wu Ding, ministers and citizens with excellent results. My wife died of overwork. Ding held a grand funeral for her and built a memorial hall to commemorate her.
Say goodbye to barbarism
1. The embryonic form of characters: special marks and descriptive symbols and characters.
2. Representation symbols express information according to some specific symbols.
3. Pictures and words express information according to images.
The Egyptians created hieroglyphics in 3 100 BC.
In 3200 BC, Sumerians in the two river basins created cuneiform characters.
6. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a mature writing written or engraved on tortoise shells and animal bones in the late Shang Dynasty.
7. The written history of China began in Shang Dynasty.
8. Comparison of hieroglyphics, cuneiform characters and Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
The birthplace of hieroglyphics: Nile valley, which was formed around 3 100 BC and was invented by ancient Egyptians.
The birthplace of cuneiform writing: it was formed in the two river basins around 3200 BC and was invented by Sumerians.
The birthplace of Oracle Bone Inscriptions: Yellow River Valley, which was formed in Shang Dynasty, was invented by China Shang Dynasty.
* * * Similarity: They are all developed from pictures and words, and they all have pronunciations, which is an important symbol for the people of the three places to enter the civilized era.
9. The largest pyramid: pyramid of khufu.
10. The ancient Indians invented ten digital symbols including "zero" and also invented the decimal method of location counting now.
The characteristics of ancient Chinese characters are similar.
The time of birth, the structural characteristics of inventors and written materials all developed from pictures and words.
They all have pronunciations, which are input by people from three places.
An important symbol of entering the civilized era
Pictograph Nile Valley Around 365,438+000 BC, the ancient Egyptians "painted" it, sharpened reed pipes and wrote them on papyrus.
Around 3200 BC, Sumerians wrote cuneiform characters on clay tablets, just like reeds and bone sticks sharpened with wedges.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions Yellow River Basin
(Yin Ruins) Shang Dynasty China Shang Dynasty carved things on tortoise shells and animal bones.
1 1. Babylon's "Hanging Garden" is listed as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, also known as the "Hanging Garden", which is located next to the Euphrates River. According to legend, King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon married Semiramis, a Persian princess. The princess misses her lush homeland day and night and is unhappy. In order to please his beloved princess, the king ordered a garden with a circumference of more than 500 meters and a height of 25 meters to be built in the capital Babylon.
12. Is bronze the first metal discovered and used by human beings?
Not bronze, but natural copper, also called pure copper.
13. What's the difference between bronze and pure copper?
The melting point of bronze is lower than that of pure copper, but its hardness is higher.
14. Which country has the most developed bronze culture?
The Shang Dynasty in China was a glorious period of bronze culture.
How is bronze made?
Molten copper is produced by adding lead, tin and other alloy copper liquid for casting and cooling treatment.
16. At present, the largest bronze ware found in the world: Simu Wuding, with a height of133cm, a length of16cm, a width of 70cm and a weight of 875kg. This tripod is rectangular, magnificent, heavy and luxuriantly decorated. Named after "Simuwe" in Ding's belly. Division: Sacrifice; Mother: mother; E: good wife.
17. ancient Egypt: solar calendar, mummy, geometry
Ancient Babylon: Lunar calendar, week.
Ancient India: 10 digital symbol
18. Ancient Egypt: Amon
Ancient India: The Founding of Buddhism
The teachings of Buddhism
The spread of Buddhism
19. Why does Buddhism advocate "the equality of all beings"?
Oppose India's hierarchy and deny Brahmanism and caste created by God.
20. How to understand the "equality of all beings" advocated by Buddhism?
Buddhism advocates that all people are created equal, sympathizes with those who are unfortunate and suffering, and preaches that as long as you do good in this life, there will be good results in the afterlife; If you do bad things in this life, you will get what you deserve in the next life. These thoughts of Sakyamuni escaped the harsh reality and had a negative side. He also advocated the method of self-liberation to eliminate troubles and deny struggle, so it was often used by the ruling class in past dynasties.
Early Aegean Civilization and City-States
1. Aegean civilization:
Starting and ending time: from 2000 BC, it lasted for 800 years.
The center of civilization: Crete and Mycenae.
The meaning of civilization: it is the beginning of ancient Greek civilization.
2. Ancient Greece:
Geographical environment: including Greece, Aegean Sea and the west coast of Asia Minor.
Athens as an important city-state: maritime trade and democracy.
Sparta, an important city-state: military.
Aegean civilization is the beginning of ancient Greek civilization, which was first produced in Crete. In 2000 BC, some small slave cities appeared on the island. Around 1800 BC, a kingdom with Knossos as its capital was formed. Legend has it that the strongest king in the kingdom was Minos, and archaeologists called his dynasty Minos. By BC 1500, Crete civilization was in decline. Then, under the continuous attack of natural and man-made disasters, Crete civilization disappeared, and Aegean civilization became the dominant stage of Greek Mycenae civilization. Mycenae civilization existed from15th century BC to12nd century BC. Around 1 100 BC, Mycenaean civilization countries were destroyed one after another under the attack of the invading Dorians, and Mycenaean civilization came to an end.
4. Ancient Greece included mainland Greece, Aegean Sea and the west coast of Asia Minor. It is close to the Aegean Sea, surrounded by the sea on all sides, with dense islands and convenient maritime transportation, which is helpful to the navigation and industrial and commercial development of ancient Greece and to absorb the civilization of West Asia and North Africa.
Since the 8th century BC, there have been many small countries with cities as the center, which were called "city states" in history. Gu Xi
The two most important city-states in Greece are Athens and Sparta.
6. Athens and Sparta want to overwhelm each other and fight with each other, so it is very expensive. After the late 5th century BC, Greece gradually declined. Does this have any enlightenment for our country?
Internally, we should always unite the people of the whole country, and all localities and regions should help each other, and we should not engage in small-group ism. Foreign countries need mutually beneficial cooperation, more dialogue and less confrontation, and create a good environment for modernization.
7. The influence of Athens' geographical environment on its economy.
1. Olives and grapes are suitable for the Mediterranean climate.
2. Seaport, convenient maritime traffic to develop foreign trade.
8. What is the highest authority in Athens?
A civic meeting attended by all male citizens.
9. What is the highest judicial institution in Athens?
In the jury court, jurors are selected by lot from citizens.
10. Who has the right to participate in and discuss state affairs in Athens?
All male citizens (nobles and civilians), excluding slaves, women and foreigners who make up the majority of the population.
1 1. How often is the citizens' meeting held? During the recess, how many people were chosen by lot to handle the daily affairs of the polis?
10 days; 500 people
12. What is the essence of Athens?
Slavery and the Republic
13. How to understand: "Our system is called democracy because the political power is in the hands of all citizens, not a few."
On the positive side: it has the characteristics and advantages that authoritarian rule does not have, so that citizens can enjoy more rights;
On the negative side: this democratic system is based on slavery, and slaves, women and foreigners who make up the majority of the population have no political rights. Therefore, the democracy in Athens is not as beautiful as Perikles's propaganda, and his words are only partially correct.
14. Comparison of important ancient Greek city states
Sparta Athens
The geographical environment is close to the Aegean Sea, and there are many good ports. The area is surrounded by mountains on three sides and a plain in the middle.
Industrial and commercial activities, navigation, industrial and commercial development, agriculture is more developed.
Political system slave owners democratic politics minority slave owners aristocratic dictatorship
Emphasize social life, culture, academic development and military training.