Thai fragrant rice is world-famous for its excellent quality. As the world's largest rice exporter, Thailand's rice is exported to more than five continents 100 countries, and its share of international trade in world trade is over 30% all year round.
First, the basic situation of rice development in Thailand
Thailand, located at 6-20 degrees north latitude, is a tropical region with a tropical monsoon climate. The whole year can be obviously divided into three seasons: March-May is the dry season, 6- 10 is the rainy season, and 6-10 is the cool season. The annual average monthly temperature is 22-25℃, the annual average rainfall is 1000mm, the annual daily temperature difference is small, and the solar radiation is sufficient, which is suitable for rice growth.
Rice is the most important crop in Thailand, not only the staple food of the Thai people, but also the agricultural products that earn foreign exchange through export. The paddy field in Thailand is about10.93 million hm2, accounting for 52% of the total cultivated land in China. There are 4.06 million households engaged in rice production, accounting for 77.5% of the total agricultural households; The annual output of rice is 65.438+0.8 million ~ 26 million t, the total output value of rice is 65.438+0.65438+0.2827 billion baht (equivalent to about RMB 23.5 billion), and the annual export of rice earns 80 billion baht. Rice industry plays an important role in Thai agriculture and even the whole national economy.
1. Thailand attaches great importance to rice research. 1983 The National Rice Research Institute directly under the Ministry of Agriculture of the Ministry of Agricultural Cooperation of Thailand was established to manage rice research throughout the country. Rice research has seven regional research centers (including one non-governmental research center), and each rice research center is responsible for managing several rice experimental stations. There are 23 rice experimental stations in China, each of which is responsible for rice research in several provinces (76 provinces in Thailand). Thus, a powerful rice research network covering the whole country has been formed. Rice research institutes, centers and experimental stations in Thailand are under the vertical leadership of the Agriculture Department of the Ministry of Agricultural Cooperation of Thailand, and belong to the sequence of government officials. They have sufficient funds for scientific research and high salaries for researchers, so they can concentrate on scientific research.
Variety improvement is a major aspect of rice cultivation research in Thailand. In variety improvement, we always pay attention to quality first. Only varieties that meet the quality standards can enter the regional test and approval, otherwise even if the yield is increased, they cannot be used for production. Therefore, the high-quality aromatic rice variety "Hommali" (trade name) introduced by 1959 is still one of the main application varieties in Thailand. In order to prevent the degradation of "Good Jasmine", rice research centers and experimental stations in Thailand attach great importance to the purification and rejuvenation of varieties, and constantly produce original seeds for extension departments and farmers, ensuring that they are updated every 2-3 years, thus ensuring the quality of high-grade and high-quality rice.
Rice research institutions in Thailand not only pay attention to variety improvement, purification and rejuvenation, but also pay attention to the research of cultivation, physiology, plant protection, soil fertilizer, planting system, agricultural machinery and other rice technologies. It is particularly noteworthy that they attach great importance to the research of postpartum technology, including rice processing technology and the development technology of rice-based foods (such as rice cakes and ice cream).
2. Rice production Thailand's rice is mainly ordinary rice, with a small area of deep rice and upland rice. Rice can be grown all over the country. According to the natural geographical conditions and farming methods, it is divided into four rice-growing areas: northern rice-growing area, northeastern rice-growing area, central rice-growing area and southern rice-growing area. Thailand's rice production conditions are poor, and most paddy fields belong to "Wang Tiantian", so the rainy season is the main season for rice planting in Thailand, and double-cropping rice is only planted in irrigated areas or areas with abundant water resources. Of the 9.47 million-1030 million hectares of rice planted and harvested in Thailand, 8.93 million--9 130 thousand hectares were planted in the main season, and only 493 thousand-1/kloc-0.47 thousand hectares were irrigated in the dry season. Due to the large area of "Wang Tiantian", the rice price is low, the enthusiasm of rice farmers is not high, and the fertilizer input is low, showing a state of wide planting and thin harvest. The rice yield level is low, with an average yield of 1650-3000kg/hm2. In order to change the low level of rice production in Thailand, reduce the cost of rice production and improve the competitiveness of Thai rice in the international market, Thailand is committed to popularizing and trying to apply a series of "king projects" such as HYV comprehensive technology, fertilization technology, integrated pest control and biological control technology, direct seeding and mechanical tillage, labor-saving technology and quality improvement technology, which have played a positive role in promoting the development of Thai rice and greatly improved its rice production capacity. In the past five years, although the main season rice area decreased by 0.45% every year, the total output remained at 654.38+0.6 million-654.38+0.9 million t, and the output per unit area reached 2063.5 ~ 265.438+0.87 kg/hm2, which increased by 2.44% and 0.57% respectively. In the same period, due to the improvement of irrigation conditions, double-cropping rice has also developed, with an average annual increase of 23.34%, with a total output of1.9-48,000 t and a yield of 4074-4537.5kg/hm2.
The varieties used in rice production in Thailand have also developed greatly. At present, there are varieties with jasmine fragrance, such as RD 15, whose yield is obviously higher than that of "good jasmine", and the yield level is above 10%. At present, the variety distribution is 18.38% in local farms, 30% in RD system, 26.04% in "Good Jasmine" and 25. 1% in fine varieties. It is worth noting that in Thailand, with the decline of rice area, aromatic rice showed a steady growth trend, with the planting area increasing by more than 2.4% every year, from 2.292 million hm2 in 1.993 to 281.6000 hm2 in 2000.
3. Rice processing Thailand's rice processing industry is very developed and has developed from a small enterprise in the past to a medium-sized and large-sized processing enterprise. For example, Patum Rice Processing and Storage Volkswagen Co., Ltd. is a large rice listed company with four subsidiaries, with daily processing capacity 1000t, polishing capacity 1000t, packaging capacity of 500t, loading and unloading capacity of 3,000t and air drying capacity of 2400t. It has a large storage capacity of 70,000 t rice and1.2,000 t rice. The company's products include fragrant rice, white rice, steamed rice, brown rice, broken rice, rice flour, rice bran oil, cereal ash and so on. When purchasing rice and entering the factory, the company will sample and grind the rice on a small scale, measure the moisture content, roughness, milled rice rate, head milled rice rate, appearance quality and taste quality (the whole process only takes 10min), price it according to the quality, and then send it to the storage room for cleaning, drying and sorting. The manufacturing process is very particular and highly automated. The procedure includes rough selection → fine selection → hulling → peeling → screening → color selection → polishing → impurity removal → grading → packaging. Thai rice polishing technology is high in content, mainly the strict control technology of moisture and humidity, which ensures the quality of rice. The company also makes comprehensive use of processing by-products, using rice husk as fuel for power generation, using rice husk ash after power generation as fertilizer for export, extracting rice bran oil from rice bran, and using dried bran as feed.
Thailand has strict requirements on the quality of exported rice. All manufacturers have established enterprise quality standards, and the state has unified rice grading standards. According to Thai rice standards, white rice is classified into 1 1 grades, and the length, integrity, grindability, allowable impurities and moisture content of each grade have corresponding regulations.
4. Rice trade situation Thailand's rice trade is greatly affected by the open trade environment. At present, the purchase price of ordinary rice is 5000 baht/ton, and the purchase price of fragrant rice is 8000 baht/ton. The purchase price of organic rice is 30%-40% higher than that of the same type of rice.
In the total rice production in Thailand, the annual domestic consumption is about120,000-130,000 tons, accounting for 60% of the total rice production. In recent years, although the average annual rice consumption of Thai people has dropped sharply, from 148.438+0 kg to 109kg now. In addition, about 900,000 ~ 6,543.8+0,000 tons of rice seeds are processed into industrial products every year, and industrial grain is on the rise.
Rice is Thailand's most important export product. In order to ensure the brand image of Thai rice in the international market, the exported Thai rice must be inspected by a special rice inspection committee, and only those that meet the standards can be exported. Thailand's annual export volume is 4.8-6.5 million tons, accounting for about 26% of the total output, and its annual export earnings are 80 billion baht. Among the exported rice, the export volume of fragrant rice is about 165438+ ten thousand tons per year, accounting for about 20% of the total export volume. However, in recent years, the export price of fragrant rice has almost doubled, from 12080 baht in 1994 to 23739 baht in 1998.
Thailand's rice exports cover more than 65,438+000 countries on five continents. The main export market is Asia, accounting for 63.78% of the total export, followed by North America, South Africa and Europe, accounting for 13.4%, 9.83% and 8.09% respectively. China is the largest exporter of Thai fragrant rice, with an annual export volume of over 200,000 tons. In recent years, due to the development of fragrant rice production in China, the import of fragrant rice is shrinking, from 65438+26 1.550t in 095 to 224790t in 1998.