A system of selecting officials in han dynasty. It is a system of selecting talents to be officials from bottom to top, and it is one of the most important ways of selecting officials in Han Dynasty.
Nine-grade system: an important official selection system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Also known as the nine-product official law.
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Inspection system: 196 years ago, Liu Bang, the emperor gaozu of Han Dynasty, issued a letter recommending a "scholar-bureaucrat" with the ability to govern the country from counties and counties, which was the first in the Han Dynasty. The system of selecting officials with Chaju began with Emperor Wen. In the second year of Emperor Wendi (BC 178), he wrote, "Give an example of Founder who is eloquent and extremely remonstrant"; Fifteen years later, he wrote "A virtuous and eloquent monarch, minister and county magistrate" ("Han Shu Wendy Ji"). Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty further developed Chaju into a relatively complete system of selecting officials. First, there are clear new regulations on the standards of talent inspection and employment, and all families except Confucianism are not allowed to do so, creating the standards for selecting talents by Confucianism. Second, the choice of scholars includes four aspects: morality, knowledge, law and policy. Third, the tea bureau can be divided into two categories: age order and imperial edict. Annual promotion is a regular subject and is recommended every year. Topics include filial piety and scholar. Filial piety began with two subjects, filial piety and honesty, and later it was called a subject. The objects of Cha Xiaolian are local officials below 600 stone and Confucian scholars who are familiar with Confucian classics. He is recommended by counties and countries to serve in the central government every year, and his way out is to serve as a Langguan in the central government. There are quota restrictions. Every county with 200,000 people in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the imperial system has one person every year, one person for two years under 200,000 people and one person for three years under 654.38+10,000 people. There are few people in the border areas, and if there are more than 654.38+10,000 people, one person can be raised every year. The way out for filial piety is to be a Langguan around the emperor and then move from Langguan to a central or local official. Filial piety and incorruptibility are the main subjects that tea houses often take, and they are the right way to be an official. The object of raising a scholar is the current official. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to avoid Liu Xiu's taboo, the scholar was changed to Cai Mao. Mao was elected by the state, so the number of people is much less than Xiao Lian. Cai Mao's way out is mostly as a local county magistrate, which is more important than Lian Xiao's appointment, but there are fewer places. Imperial edict is a temporary special subject, which was called by the emperor to inspect talents. Its characteristic is that imperial edicts are often held after disasters. There is no limit to the number of letters, which shall be temporarily stipulated by the letters. Recruitment targets are many and not fixed, and people with special talents can be selected. No matter how young, talented and virtuous you are, you have to take the exam when you get to the Central Committee. There are two kinds of examination methods: countermeasure (proposition examination) and shooting (lottery examination). Countermeasures are mostly used to test candidates, and shooting strategies are mostly used to test doctoral students. Recommended by imperial edicts, generally tried by the emperor; Filial piety in the county is examined by the three government offices. Confucian scholars take an examination of Confucian classics and give examples of official examinations. They selected top students through the examination and submitted them to the emperor for employment. The exam is actually a merit-based admission. From the Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the procuratorial system played an important role and selected a large number of useful talents for feudal countries. In the future, with the increasingly corrupt politics, the phenomenon of false inspection will become more and more serious. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it had become a tool for dignitaries or officials to install private individuals, completely losing its role in recruiting talents.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the procuratorial system paid attention to filial piety and honesty. Tea house mainly depends on the local fame of talents, which is called township election. With the development of local powerful forces, the administrative organization of feudal countries became increasingly paralyzed, and the prestige influence was gradually dominated by bureaucratic families. Aristocratic families became the main basis for elections, and aristocratic landlords of many generations of bureaucrats formed and developed.
By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the rank system could not meet the needs of peacetime, that is, the procuratorial system and the collection system were implemented. The former is to let counties and countries recommend talents to the country every year, while the latter is to recruit talents from the society by the central and local governments. This meets the needs of bureaucratic teams to a certain extent, but it is easy to be crony, and it is easy to form small groups between referees.
At first, this system was devoted to the unification of the official selection in the court and the clear discussion in the village. It was a continuation of the tradition of selecting officials in the Han Dynasty and the inheritance of Cao Cao's employment policy. However, at the turn of Wei and Jin Dynasties, officials of all sizes were monopolized by "gentry" in all counties. They are partial to the gentry when evaluating grades, and the division of nine grades has deviated from the principle of "regardless of family status" In the next 300 years, there was a situation in which the gentry monopolized the political power. The Nine-grade system was always a bureaucratic selection system to protect the hereditary political privileges of the gentry. Therefore, after the decline of the gentry, the nine-product system was completely abolished.