1. In view of the control of aristocratic families in the past four tribes in Athens over the whole city-state political system, Cleisthenes is determined to reorganize the whole tribal system in Athens.
The new tribal system he built was different from the previous administrative divisions with geographical boundaries, because he knew that the aristocrats in Athens were very regional. If the polis was divided into regions or tribes, the aristocratic factions would definitely control their own land, so each of the new tribes he built included different regions of the Athens polis, which were scattered and unconnected.
Each tribe includes an urban area, a coastal area and an inland area. By mixing different areas, it broke the situation that aristocratic families held their own land and criticized each other.
Cleisthenes divided Attica into three regions: the first region is the city, with a 30-mile-long coast including Athens, Piraeus and foreign ports, and fertile farmland outside the two cities; The second is the coast, that is, the other coast outside Piraeus and its surrounding coast; The third is the remaining inland areas.
Each big division is divided into ten divisions, called tritys tritys, which means three divisions. This is the name of the region divided into three groups according to each of the four tribes in the old days. In Cleistheni, it means a city Tritis, a coastal Tritis and an inland Tritis, and these three departments merge into one tribe.
There are 139 "demos", and the number of demos in each Tritis is different. Five Demos, such as Acharnai Akanai, are themselves a Triti, while some Triti govern nine Demos. In the future, the name of an Athenian citizen will be accompanied by the name of the Demo district where he lives, his father's name and his real name.
Even though he and his descendants moved to other districts, his district name still followed the demonstration district where he first reformed in 508 BC.
It is said that 30 Mai tribes were assigned tribes according to the lottery results, but some people think that they were artificially planned. In Aristotle's Athenian political system, it was considered to be based on the results of lottery, but modern historians think that artificial distribution is more reasonable, because Cleisthenes must balance the different populations of different Mai ethnic groups to ensure that different tribes and their people have an appropriate proportion of political influence.
2, the establishment of "five hundred people meeting", instead of the original "four hundred people meeting":
(1) The 500-member assembly consists of 50 citizens of any rank from 10 tribe, each of whom was selected by lot;
(2) The 500-member conference enjoys great power and is open to citizens from all walks of life;
(3) During the closing of the Constituent Assembly, he was responsible for handling most of the city-state affairs.
3. Cristini has also strengthened the activities of citizens' congresses and people's courts. According to his suggestion, the law of banishing shells (or pottery pieces) was enacted to prevent the tyrant from reappearing (first implemented in 478 BC).
4. Establish the Committee of Ten Generals.
Significance of reform
Cristini Reform firmly established the democratic system in Athens, and wrote the final rest for the formation of democracy in Athens.
1. With the new administrative constituency system, the control of the tribal aristocratic forces on the political power was broken, and finally the Athenian state was formed.
2. All citizens in Athens have the opportunity to participate in national political affairs, which marks the establishment of democracy in Athens.
Extended data
In the Christian era, the number of officials in Athens was relatively small, but as Athens jumped from a small city-state to a metropolis in the ancient Greek world and was the leader of the Tyrol League, the number of officials needed in Athens increased dramatically. In the 5th and 4th centuries BC, about 600 administrative officials in Athens handled the diplomatic relations with the Allies, the public funds of the Tyrol League, public buildings and the establishment of the Alliance Fleet.
Administrative officials must be at least 30 years old and belong to three classes: pentakosiomedimnoi, hippie and zeugitai. The conditions are the same as those of the 500-member parliament, but in practice, thetes, an employee class, can be accepted as an administrative official as long as he answers that he is the first three classes after the election.
Every public office is a one-year term. They can only hold the same position once in their life, nor can they hold different positions at the same time, but they can hold different public offices in different years.
But generally speaking, it is impossible for officials to continue their official career, because all administrative officials, 500 members of parliament and consuls have to go through the investigation process named euthynai for several months after completing their public service for one year, including a 10 team named logistai to actively investigate the behavior of officials and a special court composed of 50 1 jury judges to accept citizens' complaints. Therefore, if every official
Most officials are in groups of ten, and each tribe has an official position. About 100 officials are elected, including infantry and cavalry commanders, financial officials and officials in charge of religious affairs, because these positions require certain professional skills.
These officials will be selected from a number of people provided by various tribes at a civic meeting every winter, and then they will be trained and tested before their posts so that they can work smoothly in the midsummer and New Year in ancient Greece.
The remaining 500 officials will be selected by lottery among volunteers. Some positions will be fiercely competitive because of their great power and high popularity, but some public officials will have to work without vacancies because no one is in charge. Tribes will provide lists of many people to the city-states, and then draw lots at the shelter in theseus, east of the Acropolis, to decide the candidates. The whole lottery process was presided over by six judicial consuls, thesmothetai.
These officials were in charge of general administrative affairs, such as controlling markets and weights and measures, supervising officials to sell wheat supplies, repairing temples, supervising city-state finances, maintaining and cleaning roads, and managing 300 archers and policemen in West Xu Ya. One of the administrative teams is quite special. A law enforcement team is in charge of the city-state prison, dealing with the confiscation of property and executing punishments including the death penalty. Some of them have 1 1 members instead of 10.
Like members of the 500-member parliament, officials have some privileges during their tenure, including exemption from military service, special seats in city-state celebrations, and wearing a crown made of myrtle to show their identity. After 450 BC, officials can also receive a certain salary to subsidize poor households to perform official duties.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Cristini Reform