During the 72 years from 1840 Opium War to 19 12 Qing Dynasty, the Qing government signed *** 1 175 unequal treaties, contracts, agreements and contracts with foreign governments or foreign merchants and international organizations. These charters were mainly signed by China with Russian, British, American, French, German, Japanese, Italian, Austrian, Belgian, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Danish and other western powers as well as other countries and international organizations. The Qing Dynasty signed more than 1 100 unequal and shameful treaties. Among them, nearly 40 treaties were deeply affected.