1, do you mind?
Starting from the wise, ancient Greek philosophy turned from paying attention to nature itself to paying attention to social ethics and people. But they only stay in the perceptual stage and can only draw relativistic conclusions. It was not until Socrates that this situation was fundamentally changed.
Socrates called for a "turn of thought" to turn philosophy from studying nature to studying self, which is often said later to bring philosophy back from heaven to earth.
2. Soul
Socrates' theory of soul further clarifies the difference between spirit and matter. Philosophers before Socrates have long said that the soul is immortal, and the opposition between idealism and materialism has sprouted.
3. Authenticity
Aristotle believes that Socrates gave up the study of nature, wanted to seek universal truth on ethical issues, and began to seek a definition for things.
4. Dialectics
Socrates believes that all knowledge comes from problems. The harder you make progress, the more problems you have and the greater your progress. Socrates admitted that he had no knowledge, and he wanted to teach others knowledge.
5. Education
Socrates has been engaged in educational work all his life, and has rich educational practice experience and his own educational theory. But he didn't start his own school.
6. Ethics
Socrates established the ethical thought system that virtue is knowledge, and its center is to explore the purpose and goodness of life. He emphasized that people should know the universal laws of social life and "know themselves".
It is believed that all kinds of beneficial or harmful purposes and moral norms obtained by people in real life are relative. Only by exploring the concept of universal and absolute goodness and mastering the true knowledge of this concept can people achieve their highest life purpose and highest virtue.
7. Debate
Socrates often argues with others. In the debate, he made the other side correct and give up the original wrong ideas by asking and answering questions, and helped people produce new ideas.
8. Governing the country
Socrates advocates the theory of expert governance. He believes that all walks of life and even state power should be managed by trained and knowledgeable people, and opposes the democracy implemented by the lottery election law.
Extended data:
Socrates' famous saying:
1. Many runners failed in the last few steps.
Adversity and hardship are the highest institutions of learning to hone personality.
For philosophers, death is the ultimate self-realization. It is popular because it opens the door to real knowledge. The soul is freed from the bondage of the body and finally realizes the visual realm of the bright kingdom of heaven.
The happiest thing in the world is to fight for the ideal. Philosophers tell us that the happiness of "doing good for happiness" comes from morality. Those who strive for their ideals will certainly get this kind of happiness, because the essence of ideals contains moral values.
5. Rational education and training can bring benefits, while irrational education will bring harm.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Socrates