Cultivation techniques of maize
First, the farming season
The yield of spring maize (65438+1October 25th-February 10) was the highest. Followed by autumn planting (August 25-September10); Plant again in winter (65438+1October 20th-65438+1October10); The last broadcast was in summer (April 25th-May 10). In a word, the best sowing date of corn should be determined according to the use of corn, land use and stubble arrangement. Forage corn is suitable for planting in spring and autumn.
Second, selecting land, preparing soil and applying sufficient base fertilizer.
1, land selection
Corn is a kind of crop that likes fertilizer, water, temperature, oxygen and waterlogging. Too sour, too sticky and poor soil will make corn grow badly. Therefore, loam or sandy loam with convenient irrigation and drainage, convenient management, pH value between 6.5 and 7 and moderate fertility is the best land selection.
2. Soil preparation and base fertilizer application
The whole land is the premise of seedling protection. After land selection, deep ploughing and harrowing should be carried out, generally, two plows and two harrows are needed, and the depth of plough layer should be more than 30 cm, so as to meet the quality requirements of "flat, fine soil, sufficient moisture content and high fertilizer efficiency". After soil preparation, ditching shall be carried out according to 120- 140 cm double row spacing, and the decomposed farmyard manure 1000 kg per mu, 50 kg of bean cake and 50 kg of calcium superphosphate shall be applied into the ditch; In order to facilitate irrigation and drainage, border irrigation should be ditched, and the drainage ditch should be repaired in combination with soil preparation. It is required that the border should be flat and straight, the ditches should be connected, and the irrigation and drainage should be smooth.
Third, seed treatment and sowing.
1, select improved varieties.
Improved varieties suitable for local areas should have high and stable yield, good quality, disease resistance and lodging resistance, meet market demand and sell well. At present, the forage maize varieties are Yedan No.4, Ye Dan 13 and Zhongdan 32 1. Special varieties such as "Tiannuo 1" and "SEAO 1" were selected for fresh corn. Generally, the amount of seed used per mu in direct seeding field is1500-2000g.
2. Seed treatment
Sow for 3-4 hours before sowing. Generally, seeds are soaked in warm water at 50-55℃ for 10- 15 minutes, cooled and soaked for 6-8 hours, and then washed with clean water 1-2 times to sow.
3, sowing specifications
The yield of maize comes from the utilization of light energy and soil fertility. In a certain range, the greater the leaf area coefficient, the higher the utilization rate of light energy and the higher the yield. Therefore, reasonable close planting can obtain high yield. Planting density should be considered from varieties, sowing date, soil fertility, cultivation conditions and other factors. There are two plant types of corn: flat type and compact type. Spreading varieties should be planted thinly, generally 3000-3500 plants per mu. Compact varieties should be densely planted, generally 4500-5500 plants per mu. There are two main sowing methods of corn: equal row spacing and wide and narrow rows. The planting specification of equal row spacing is 75cm, the spacing between compact varieties is 17-20cm, and the spacing between flat varieties is 25-30cm. The planting specifications of wide and narrow rows are 140 cm, the width is 40 cm, the spacing between compact varieties is about 15 cm, and the spacing between flat varieties is about 20 cm. At present, the fresh corn planted in our province is compact and suitable for close planting, with 3500-4000 plants per mu. The planting method mainly adopts wide and narrow rows, with a width of 70 cm, a narrow row of 40-50 cm and a spacing of 30 cm.
Step 4: Sowing.
Because of the high temperature in our province, direct seeding cultivation is generally used, and seedling transplanting is less used. The specific method is to plant from the border, with the border width 120- 140 cm (including the border) and the border height of about 20 cm. Open two rows of shallow furrows with a spacing of 50-60 cm on the border, and plant the treated seeds in the furrows (according to the plant spacing), with 2 seeds per point.
Fourth, the law of fertilizer demand
Corn has the greatest demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and nitrogen absorbs the most, followed by potassium and less phosphorus during the whole growth period. Therefore, the fertilization of corn is mainly to increase nitrogen fertilizer, combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Generally speaking, at the seedling stage (1-6 leaves), the growth is slow, the plants are small, and less nutrients are absorbed. At this time, the fertilization amount should account for about 10% of the fertilization amount. From jointing stage to flowering stage (7- 16 leaves), it grows rapidly, which is the period of the formation and development of male and female spikes, and it absorbs nutrients quickly and in large quantities, which is the key period for plants to need nutrients. At this time, adequate nutrition can be provided, which can ... >; & gt
Question 2: Why should spring wheat be planted in Northeast China? Wrong, winter wheat is also grown in the northeast.
This is related to the climate.
The main limiting factors are temperature and soil moisture.
Question 3: There are still three months to grow up. What fields are suitable for planting in Northeast China? Winter wheat can be harvested: sowing in September, 10, harvesting in April and May (mainly in the south of the Great Wall), spring wheat: sowing after the Spring Festival, harvesting in August and September (mainly in the north of the Great Wall), cotton: rape from April to September:1peanut from February to May: 4-1. 7- 10, 1 1 (Double cropping) The winter wheat area in North China is the main winter wheat area in China, accounting for 47% of the sown area and 53% of the total output. Generally speaking, winter wheat can overwinter safely, and the accumulated temperature is higher than 0℃ and 4 100℃, which can be used for wheat and wheat. Huanghuai Plain is a suitable area for dryland wheat with great production potential. The area of winter wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River accounts for 12.3%, and the total output accounts for 45%. The light and warm water in Jianghuai Plain is relatively coordinated from March to May. Areas where the precipitation exceeds 450 mm from March to May are not suitable for wheat planting. The commodity rate of wheat in this area is very high. The temperature in northeast spring wheat area, Heilongjiang and Jilin is low, and spring wheat is suitable. In the northwest. Irrigation area and loess plateau area. In addition to southern Xinjiang, there are mainly spring wheat and winter wheat in southern Xinjiang, which have good adaptability, high yield and excellent quality. Southwest wheat area, Sichuan Basin and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau are warm in winter, and the warm water is suitable, but the light is less and the diseases and pests are serious. High illumination and low temperature in plateau irrigation maturity are beneficial to high yield. In the winter and spring wheat area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the combination of light and warm water is beneficial to wheat growth and heading maturity for 50-80 years. Wheat is planted on irrigated land. The distribution and growth habit of main crops in China is 1. Wheat can be divided into winter wheat and spring wheat. Winter wheat is mainly distributed in North China and its south, planted in autumn and harvested in summer. Rape is mainly distributed in the Yangtze River basin, and the planting and harvesting seasons are roughly the same as those of winter wheat. There is an agricultural proverb in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: "Cold dew seeds first frost wheat", which means that cold dew seeds are generally planted with rape. Wheat was planted during the first frost. Generally, it is harvested around the Dragon Boat Festival, and the harvest season is late in the northern region. Therefore, it is called summer harvest crop. 2. Cotton is mainly distributed in five commodity cotton bases. 3. Rice is widely planted in China, and its planting and harvesting seasons can be determined according to the planting systems in various places. For example, in the northeast, it is spring planting and autumn harvest. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, two crops a year. Double cropping rice is planted in some fields (that is, rice is planted twice a year). In double-cropping rice, early rice is planted in spring and harvested in summer (usually sown before 5. 1 and harvested before 8. 1, so it is called double harvest from late July to early August) and late rice is harvested in summer. In other words, if the local winter wheat is harvested before planting rice, the rice will be harvested in autumn when it is planted in summer (it will be harvested soon before planting wheat or rape). Generally, only double-cropping rice will be detected. In some areas in the south (such as Hainan), three-season rice can be planted. 4. Peanuts are widely distributed, mostly planted in hilly areas of Shandong and Liaodong, and harvested in spring, but also widely distributed in other places (such as hilly areas of Zhejiang and Fujian, hilly areas of Guangdong and Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou). Generally, it is also spring planting and autumn harvest. 5. The main soybean producing area is in the Northeast Plain. According to the local situation of one crop a year, it can be inferred that it is spring planting and autumn harvest. 2. The main planting types are: grain crops (wheat, rice, corn), oil crops (rape, peanuts, sesame), sugar crops (sugar beet, sugarcane) and so on. First, the main food crops and their distribution. Wheat: Wheat is cold-resistant, drought-tolerant and adaptable, and can be divided into spring wheat and winter wheat according to sowing season. Spring wheat is sown in spring and harvested in summer and autumn. The growth period is 80 days-120 days. Spring wheat is mostly distributed in areas with high latitude or altitude and poor heat. It is mainly distributed in the Northeast Plain, Hetao Plain, Ningxia Plain, Xinjiang and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the middle temperate zone. Winter wheat is sown in autumn and harvested in the following summer. The long growth period in the south is about 120 days, and that in the north is about 270 days. Generally, the duration of high altitude areas in southwest China is more than 330 days. Winter wheat is the most widely distributed in China, mainly in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and south of the Yangtze River. At present, the dominant areas of special wheat in China are: Huanghuaihai high-quality wheat belt, high-quality wheat belt in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and high-quality wheat belt at the foot of Daxinganling. 2. Rice: Rice likes temperature and humidity. According to the heat condition, it can be divided into single season rice, double season rice and three season rice. It is located in the north of Qinling Mountains in China, with double-cropping rice as the main crop in the south. The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Sichuan Basin are the main rice producing areas in China. 3. Corn: Corn is a thermophilic crop, with three varieties: early maturity, middle maturity and late maturity. & gt
Question 4: Spring wheat in the Northeast Plain is sown in spring, and when is it harvested? Wheat is divided into winter wheat and spring wheat. Winter wheat is sown in September-165438+ 10, and harvested in late May and early June of the following year. The growth period is 220-270 days. Spring wheat is sown in March-April and harvested in July-August. The growth period is about 100 days. Winter wheat and spring wheat are sown once a year.
Question 5: It takes about several months to plant coriander in northeast China in spring. It is cold-resistant and likes to grow and develop in warm, loose, fertile and humid conditions. Coriander has strong adaptability, short growth period of vegetable cultivation, and can be planted all year round. It is one of the rare fast-growing vegetables in northern China. Coriander is rich in nutrition, and the carotene content ranks first among vegetables. In addition, it is also high in calcium and iron, so it is one of the important spicy vegetables.
There are three ways to collect coriander seeds: overwintering with old roots, direct seeding in spring and seeding in spring.
The so-called old root overwintering seed collection method is a seed collection method which is planted in the open field in autumn in the first year, overwintering in the open field in winter and bolting, flowering and fruiting in the next spring.
(1) The first choice of Taneda: Choose the plots with loose and fertile soil and good irrigation and drainage conditions as Taneda. Lai Xiang is most afraid of continuous cropping, because continuous cropping will lead to the death of seedlings.
(2) Seed treatment before sowing. Usually, coriander is sown with fruits instead of real seeds. It is best to open the fruit before sowing, so as to facilitate rapid and orderly emergence. Like celery seeds, rapeseed is also rich in oil glands. In order to promote water absorption and rapid emergence of seeds, it is best to treat seeds without seeds to accelerate germination, just like celery.
(3) Sowing: Coriander seeds in the north are suitable for sowing in late August, that is, after the summer heat. Sowing too early, because the air density is high, it is easy to draw graves in autumn, sowing too late, the plants are too small, the old roots are less nutritious, and it is easy to freeze to death in winter. Most of the seeds collected by Lai Xiang in three northeastern provinces were cultivated in seedbeds. Usually, the border is 6m long and 1. 1 m wide, 30-50kg organic fertilizer is applied to each border, and 5 furrows are opened in each border, with a depth of 3-5cm. Sow the seeds in the furrow, cover them with about 65438±0cm soil, and then inhibit the water retention. After sowing, water every three days according to the early stage, and the whole seedling can be produced in 4-5 days. The sowing time per pile is about 0.03-0.05 kg.
(4) Seedling management: After the seedlings are unearthed, weeds should be pulled out in time, and the seedlings that are too dense should be pulled out occasionally. Lai Xiang has a long growth period, and it is necessary to provide sufficient fertilizer and water at the seedling stage to cultivate strong seedlings with strong cold resistance for wintering. When topdressing human manure and inorganic chemical fertilizer, special attention should be paid to the phenomenon of "burning seedlings to death". During the period from seedling unearthed to freezing, irrigation should be done for about 4-5 times to ensure that the soil is always wet. But don't over-irrigate and accumulate water to avoid waterlogging.
Pouring excrement water once before and after the first frost as "frozen water". When the temperature drops after winter, cover the border with a layer of straw or fresh leaves (about 10 cm thick) to prevent wind and cold. As the temperature continues to drop, the boundary will be covered with light thermal insulation materials such as grass curtains and forest bundles. During the wintering period, people and animals are prohibited from stepping on the side to ensure the safe wintering of old roots. In the second year, around Tomb-Sweeping Day, the weather gradually warmed up, and the plastic film could be removed in batches and stages. If you want to go down to Grain Rain, you must wash the night cover and clean up the dead branches and leaves of coriander.
In early spring, when 70-80% of the seedlings turn green, the soil should be loosened in time to increase the ground temperature and promote the development of seedlings. Make up the bean cake water 3~4 days before and after the long summer. When the seedlings grow to the height of 15- 18 cm, they should be thinned, and the plants should be selected according to the thinning situation. Step 1: Remove diseased plants, weak plants, miscellaneous plants and early yellow plants, and select plants with strong seedling growth, many leaves, large leaves, slender petioles, 2-4 pairs of compound leaves, green leaves, light green petioles and nearly white petioles for seed collection. There are two ways to fix seedlings: leave single plants with a spacing of about 6 cm, and leave clumps with 5-6 plants in each clump with a spacing of about 15-20 cm. When the plant height is about 30 cm, the scaffold should be supported as early as possible to prevent lodging in the later period. Under normal circumstances, the lottery starts in late May and blooms in early June. Qin Ying is diligent and rich in flowering. Quick-acting compound fertilizer is more suitable for forced fertilization. Irrigation is basically stopped at the end of flowering to promote seed maturity.
In the first half of the month, when the seeds are eight-ripe, they can be harvested at one time, then dried for 2 -3 days and threshed. The seed yield per mu is about 100 kg.
(2) ......> & gt
Question 6: Agricultural timetable in northern China In the Yellow River basin, under natural environment, the sowing time of grain is roughly as follows:
Spring crops: such as millet, rice, corn, sorghum, etc. Cultivation began in late April. Agricultural proverb says: Before and after Grain Rain, you planted melons and beans, and as you sow melons, you get beans. That's what it means.
Summer sowing crops: The above-mentioned cereal crops should be sown in early and middle June, and should be sown in late June at the latest.
If it is in the customs area, it should be delayed by 1 month.
Question 7: The maturity time of spring wheat and rice in northern China is 1. Winter wheat is mainly distributed in North China and its south, planted in autumn and harvested in summer. Rape is mainly distributed in the Yangtze River basin, and the planting and harvesting seasons are roughly the same as those of winter wheat. (There is a peasant proverb in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: "Cold dew breeds wheat in the first frost", which means that rape is generally planted in cold dew and wheat is planted in the first frost. They are usually harvested around the Dragon Boat Festival, and the harvest season is late in northern areas. Therefore, it is called summer harvest crop)
2. Spring wheat: Spring wheat is mainly distributed in Sanjiang Plain and northern Songnen Plain in Northeast China, sowing in spring and harvesting in summer.
3. Cotton is distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, North China Plain and South Xinjiang, and is mainly the five major commodity cotton bases. Spring planting and autumn harvest
4. Rice is widely planted in China, and the planting and harvesting seasons can be determined according to the local planting systems. For example, in the northeast, if cooked once a year, it is spring planting and autumn harvest; In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, two crops a year. Double cropping rice is planted in some fields (that is, rice is planted twice a year). In double-cropping rice, early rice is planted in spring and harvested in summer (usually sown before May, 1, and early rice is harvested before August, so it is called double harvest from late July to early August), and late rice is sown in summer. There is also a continuous cropping of rice and wheat, that is, rice is planted after the local winter wheat is harvested. This kind of rice is sown in summer and harvested in autumn (wheat or rape is planted soon after harvesting). The general exam only takes double-cropping rice. In some areas in the south (such as Hainan), three-season rice can be planted.
5. Peanuts are widely distributed, mostly in Shandong hills and Liaodong hills, which are planted in spring and harvested in autumn, and are also widely distributed in other places (such as Zhejiang and Fujian hills, Guangdong and Guangxi hills, Yunnan and Guizhou), which are generally planted in spring and harvested in autumn.
6. The main soybean producing area is in the Northeast Plain. According to the local situation of one crop a year, it can be inferred that it is spring planting and autumn harvest.
(1) The concentrated rice producing areas are mainly in the plains and the eastern hilly areas south of Qinhuai River. Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shanghai are 13 provinces and cities.
(2) Wheat and winter wheat are widely planted south of the Great Wall and east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The concentrated production areas are mainly in Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, followed by Anhui, Sichuan and Jiangsu in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
Spring wheat is mainly distributed in the north of the Great Wall and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
(3) Miscellaneous grains In China, corn, sorghum, millet, potatoes and soybeans are collectively referred to as miscellaneous grains.
① Corn: covering all provinces, cities and districts except Qinghai and * * *, most concentrated in North China, Northeast China and Southwest China, with the largest in North China and the second in Northeast China.
(2) Sorghum: It is cultivated in most provinces and regions of China, with the most concentrated distribution in the northeast and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.
③ Millet: also known as millet, mainly distributed in Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Jilin, Henan, Shaanxi, Shandong and Liaoning provinces.
(4) Potatoes: sweet potatoes are the main producing areas, and the main producing areas are the Pearl River Basin, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Sichuan Basin, the plain areas in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and some hilly areas in South China and Southwest China. Potato production is mainly in Northeast China, Inner Mongolia and Northwest China, in which the planting area and output of the three northeastern provinces and Inner Mongolia account for more than half of the country.
5 soybeans: all over the country.
Rice (1) producing areas in the south, the south of Qinhuai River and the east of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau account for about 95% of the country. According to regional differences, it can be divided into three areas. ① Double cropping rice areas in southern China. Including Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Hainan and Taiwan Province provinces south of Nanling. This area belongs to tropical and subtropical humid area, with rich water and heat resources, long growing period and large multiple cropping index. It is a double-cropping rice producing area in China, which is dominated by indica rice. Three-season rice is planted in low latitudes such as Hainan. ② Single and double cropping rice areas in the Yangtze River basin. Including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Shanghai and other provinces and cities north of Nanling and south of Huaihe River in Qinling, as well as southern Henan and southwestern Shaanxi. This area is located in the subtropical zone, with abundant heat, fertile soil, abundant precipitation, dense rivers and lakes and convenient irrigation. Over the years, the rice planting area and output accounted for about 2/3 of the country respectively, making it the largest rice producing area in China. Yangtze River Delta, He Lixia Plain, Central Anhui Plain, Poyang Lake Plain, Central Jiangxi Hill, Dongting Lake Plain, Central Hunan Hill, Jianghan Plain and Chengdu Plain are the most concentrated areas in this area. Double-cropping rice is mostly planted in the south of the Yangtze River, while single-cropping rice rotates with other crops in the north of the Yangtze River. Both indica and japonica rice are distributed. ③ Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau rice region. The terrain in this area is complex, the vertical climate changes significantly, and rice varieties also have the characteristics of vertical distribution. Indica rice is planted at an altitude of about 2000 meters, and the crisscross area between japonica rice and indica rice is around1500m, and indica rice is planted below1200m. This area ... >>