The functions and powers of the chief executive of the ancient Roman Republic

Consul, chief administrative officer of many ancient Greek city-states. One or more people. Greek originally meant leader and ruler. Since 682 BC, Athens has published the list of consuls every year. By the middle of the 7th century BC, the executive power was in the hands of nine consuls, who shared the religious, military and judicial responsibilities monopolized by the king in the past. The chief consul is the main civil and judicial official. He may also serve as the chairman of the 500-member meeting and the citizens' assembly, and he is the annual consul, and his term of office is named after him. Followed by the overseers, they served as commanders in the war and as judges in litigation cases involving foreigners. The third is to maintain the priesthood of the royal family, which is the main religious office and serves as the chief judge of murder cases at the aristocratic meeting. Finally, there are six civil judges to deal with trivial judicial issues. At first, the consul was only held by people of noble birth, and it was for life. The final term of office was reduced to 10 year and then to one year. At the end of his term, he is no longer elected, but he can become a life member of the aristocratic meeting. About 594 BC, Solon stipulated that the two classes with the most property and the second class could be elected as consuls, and the monopoly position of nobles was interrupted before that. According to the constitution of Clety, the consul is directly elected by the general assembly; Later, 500 pre-selected candidates were selected by drawing lots. Later, the right to vote was extended to the third and fourth grades. By the 5th century BC, the consul's power was greatly weakened. Influenced by Athens, the consul system spread widely in the Aegean islands, and then spread to Anatolia during the Hellenistic period. In ancient Rome, the chief executive of the Republic, also known as the consul, elected two people every year. They are actually heads of state, responsible for commanding the army, presiding over the meetings of the Roman Senate, implementing the laws passed by the Senate and representing the country in foreign affairs. There is a "throne" in their office, and there are 12 attendants with wands around them. Archons usually come from wealthy aristocratic families. As two people, they are both heirs to the kingship, and both have complete "ruling power". As colleagues, they have equal control power. In this way, every consul can fully exercise his ruling behavior unless his colleagues stop him by exercising veto power.