Finish the first and second chapters of the textbook.
Topic: Discuss the relationship between fairness and efficiency and the choice of fairness and efficiency in government economic activities.
Assessment form: group discussion (combination of individual preparation and group discussion).
Evaluation requirements: each student must submit a discussion outline, which includes the following contents:
1, with practical examples. (30 points)
2. Personal discussion outline. (30 points)
3. Outline formed after group discussion. (40 points)
The teacher graded each student according to his discussion outline and the outline formed after group discussion. It is required to comprehensively and accurately point out the relationship between fairness and efficiency and the choice of fairness and efficiency in government economic activities, and prove their views with practical examples.
Answer the question:
Personal outline: the relationship between fairness and efficiency and the choice of fairness and efficiency in government economic activities. (short)
(You can select a part from the group profile)
Contact an example: find a case and comment on it.
Group outline: the relationship between fairness and efficiency and the choice of fairness and efficiency in government economic activities. (detailed)
The number of words should be above 1000.
Answer 1
Personal theme outline: (select a part from the group outline)
Case 1: the loss of rights and interests of landless peasants in the process of urbanization and its protection
First, the emergence and present situation of landless peasants:
(A) Urbanization will inevitably expropriate farmers' land, which will lead to the emergence of landless farmers. With the deepening of China's economic market-oriented reform and the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, a large number of farmers' land has been expropriated. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Land and Resources, from 1987 to 2000, the national non-agricultural construction occupied 2.2644 million hectares (33.95 million mu) of cultivated land, of which10.6 million hectares (24 million mu) were expropriated by administrative means. These are only the figures approved by law, not including those who illegally occupy, break through the indicators and sell land privately in some villages. According to statistics, illegal land occupation accounts for 20-30% of legal land acquisition, and even as high as 80% in some places. This means that from 1987 to 2000, the actual amount of cultivated land requisitioned is more than 40 million mu, and if the per capita occupation of cultivated land is 0.8 mu, there will be as many as 50 million landless farmers. According to the current pace of urbanization and infrastructure construction in China, 2.8-3 million mu of farmers' land will be expropriated every year in the future. If urban farmers per capita own 0.8 mu of arable land, it means that there are 4.2 million new landless farmers every year, and the total number of landless farmers will reach 654.38+0 billion after ten years. Therefore, the emergence of landless peasants is the inevitable result of urbanization.
(B) the status quo of landless peasants. It is normal to produce landless peasants in the process of urbanization. The key to the problem is how to help landless peasants solve the problems they face and eliminate their worries. With China's transition to the socialist market economy system, the construction of market economy has brought about the marketization of enterprise employment methods, and the traditional and effective government resettlement methods for landless peasants have gradually failed, and the problems of landless peasants have begun to appear. At present, although there are many forms of resettlement for landless peasants, such as monetary compensation, employment resettlement, housing resettlement, land allocation resettlement and social insurance, the most important way is monetary resettlement. Because the monetary resettlement of landless peasants can only solve their immediate worries, it is difficult to resolve their long-term worries, resulting in some farmers losing their land and jobs. At present, most places in our country adopt the urbanization mode of "land is not human", with monetary resettlement as the main factor. Land-lost farmers are in a difficult situation, and there are no effective solutions to their basic livelihood, employment, children's schooling, old-age care and medical insurance, and their long-term livelihood cannot be guaranteed by the system. For example, in Fuzhou in 2000, the monetary resettlement rate was as high as 82%. A sample survey of Zhejiang 10 construction land projects shows that among the 3,379 people resettled, except for 172 who entered the social security system, the rest were resettled in cash, accounting for 94. 1%. However, due to the defects of the land expropriation system and the current land system, the compensation standard is too low, the compensation and resettlement expenses are deducted, the distribution and use are unreasonable, the resettlement method is simple, and the responsibilities are unclear, which leads to the failure to effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of farmers. Many landless peasants are in a state of "three noes" with no land to farm, no work to do and no minimum living standard. In some places, landless peasants have reached the dilemma of "no way to go and no land to live".
Second, the loss of rights and interests of landless farmers analysis
(1) Many rights and interests owned by farmers are attached to the land on which they live, and they are directly or indirectly related to the land. Losing land means losing the foundation and conditions for realizing their land-related rights and interests, which leads to the damage or complete loss of those rights and interests. Land-lost farmers lost their livelihood security and employment opportunities, and also lost an important property land. You will also lose a series of other rights and interests related to land. Land is the material carrier for farmers' collective survival, and many rights of farmers are directly or indirectly related to the land they own. For example, the government's support for farmers' technology, capital and agricultural resources is based on land. If you lose your land, you lose the opportunity to get this support.
(2) The defects of existing policies and laws lead to the infringement of the compensation for the rights and interests of landless farmers. At present, China's current land expropriation compensation standard is still the product of planned economy, but in the actual land expropriation process, farmers' rights and interests have not been properly protected, resulting in great damage to farmers' rights and interests.
(3) The defects of legal resettlement channels lead to the loss of re-employment opportunities for landless farmers.
(D) Imperfect social security system and mechanism make landless peasants lose their basic "national" treatment.
Third, reflect the efficiency and fairness of the government and build countermeasures to protect the rights and interests of landless farmers.
(1) Make it clear that land is the sacred and inviolable property of farmers, and strengthen farmers' ownership and disposal rights of land.
(2) Reasonably raise the compensation standard for land expropriation to ensure that the living standard of landless farmers will not be reduced due to land expropriation.
(three) improve the employment security mechanism, properly arrange the employment of landless farmers, and ensure the long-term livelihood of landless farmers.
(4) Improve the social security system, establish a basic livelihood security mechanism for landless farmers, and solve their worries.
(5) Reform the income distribution mechanism of land acquisition, and strengthen the supervision of land acquisition compensation and security fees.
Case 2: Building a harmonious society and rationalizing income distribution.
Income distribution is a common concern in current social and economic life. The widening income distribution gap in China has entered the scope of unfair distribution. Because the widening income distribution gap is a problem in economic system reform and economic development, it should be solved concretely through reform and development. At present, the basic income distribution system is a combination of distribution according to work and distribution according to production factors. The principle of constructing the distribution system of the whole society is to give priority to efficiency, give consideration to fairness and gradually become rich. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate and adjust the current income distribution policy according to the requirements of building a harmonious society, and adjust the income distribution gap to a socially tolerable range.
The standard to measure the income distribution gap among countries is the Gini coefficient calculated according to international practice. Its economic meaning is: the percentage of the income of all residents used for uneven distribution. Before 1978, the Gini coefficient of urban residents' income in China was 0. 16, which was absolutely fair. At the end of 1980s, Gini coefficient reached 0.28; 1.39 in 995; 1996 is 0.42; 1997 is 0.43; 1998 is 0.46. From 1999 to the end of 2000, the average Gini coefficient was 0.45, which exceeded the internationally recognized warning line of 0.4. From 200 1 to 2003, the Gini coefficient decreased slightly, exceeding 0.4 in 2004. This shows that in recent years, China's income distribution gap is too large and it has entered an unfair distribution range.
Since the late 1950s, the investment gap between urban and rural residents in China has been very large. Although the income of farmers has increased since the reform and opening up, it is far lower than that of urban residents. The relative income gap between urban and rural residents has expanded from 2.92 in 198 1 to 3.02 in 1995. At present, this gap continues to widen. For example, the per capita income of rural residents is only 40% of that of urban residents. This gap between urban and rural areas is far higher than international standards. The income ratio between urban and rural areas in the world is generally lower than 1.5, and rarely exceeds 2. Statistics show that the poorest 20% families in China account for 4.27% of the total income, while the richest 20% families account for 50.24% of the total income. It can be seen that with the widening income gap, there has been a certain degree of relative poverty.
There are many reasons for the widening income gap. As mentioned earlier, the income gap between urban and rural areas is very large in history. In recent years, this situation has been aggravated for the following reasons:
1. Most state-owned enterprises have just got rid of difficulties through deepening reforms, and the benefits are not high. There are still many laid-off and unemployed workers.
Due to the unbalanced development of marketization, some industries still have monopoly power, so some people earn too much.
3. The national tax lever is not well regulated, and the personal tax adjustment for high-income people is not enough; However, the lack of national transfer payment capacity has led to the obvious lag in improving the income of rural residents while improving various subsidies such as housing for urban residents.
4. Improper administrative intervention makes labor and capital concentrated in rural areas and cities for a long time. Due to the lack of unified market allocation of labor and capital, the gap between urban and rural economic efficiency is large, which will inevitably lead to a huge contrast in income.
While the national GDP grows at an average annual rate of more than 7.2%, we should also see the uneven growth in different regions and industries. There are still quite a few enterprises with low efficiency, and the growth rate of employee income has slowed down. Due to the widening income gap, the total social demand is relatively insufficient in recent years.
Under the socialist system, it has always been controversial whether to give priority to efficiency or fairness. The concept of fairness focuses on the judgment of social and humanistic values, while the concept of efficiency emphasizes the effective acquisition of material achievements. Pursuing efficiency is the basic requirement of socialist economic development. Inefficiency can only produce egalitarian "big pot" fairness. We should take Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents as the guidance, implement Scientific Outlook on Development, and set out from the requirements of building a harmonious society to form the principle, system and realization mechanism for reasonably solving this problem.
The principles of constructing the overall distribution system in socialist society are: giving priority to efficiency, giving consideration to fairness and gradually moving towards common prosperity. In the relationship between fairness and efficiency, the following points are reflected:
1. Taking the development of productive forces as the fundamental starting point, we must put efficiency first. Because the key to solving all the problems in China is to accelerate the development of productive forces, "development is the last word". Giving priority to efficiency means giving priority to developing productive forces. Only in this way can we provide reliable material guarantee for effectively improving comprehensive national strength and people's income level.
2. Solving the problem of the relationship between fairness and efficiency needs a multi-level social process, which should be solved separately in the corresponding fields. For example, in the field of production, because it is directly related to the development of productive forces, efficiency should be given priority. In the field of national income and redistribution, efforts should be made to solve the problem of giving consideration to fairness. It should also be noted that the goal of moving from general poverty to prosperity requires a long-term development process and cannot go beyond the necessary historical stage.
3. Giving priority to efficiency and giving consideration to fairness embodies the general idea of building an overall social distribution system and comprehensively and reasonably solving the income distribution problem.
In order to effectively promote the realization of the principle of giving priority to efficiency and giving consideration to fairness, it is necessary to establish a four-level income distribution mechanism: First, combine distribution according to work with distribution according to production factors at the enterprise level. This requires actively promoting the reform of the internal distribution system of enterprises, improving the dominant position of workers, establishing an asset-centered distribution system of production factors, and forming an effective incentive and restraint mechanism.
Secondly, the key to cultivate the income distribution mechanism at the market level is to open the factor market and provide the necessary institutional guarantee for the flow and reorganization of factors and the optimal allocation of resources.
Third, establish and improve the national income adjustment system at the government level. We should proceed from the goal of the overall interests of society and the stable and coordinated development of social economy, and safeguard the necessary fairness of society. The most important thing is to improve the social security system, and at the same time adjust the social income distribution gap through taxation, transfer payment and other means.
Fourth, build a social support and social assistance system at the social level. It is necessary to mobilize all social forces and carry forward the fine national tradition of helping the poor and caring for the old and the young. Develop social support and social assistance intermediary service organizations and institutions, so that they can play an active role in solving the relationship between fairness and efficiency.
Case 3: giving priority to fairness and giving consideration to efficiency: the change of tax concept and the adjustment of policy
How big is the current personal income distribution gap in China? First, the income gap between individuals in China is widening. From the point of view of economics, there are Gini coefficient and Gini coefficient to measure the personal income gap. Gini coefficient is a commonly used index by international economists, ranging from 0 to 1. According to the regulations of relevant United Nations organizations, Gini coefficient below 0.2 means absolute average income distribution, between 0.2 and 0.3 means relative average, between 0.3 and 0.4 means relatively reasonable, between 0.4 and 0.5 means large gap, and above 0.6 means large gap. (Note: The bad income index is obtained by dividing all the population into five equal parts according to the income level, and dividing the income share of the richest 20% population by the income share of the lowest 20% population, which mainly reflects the degree of the gap between the rich and the poor. ) theil index and Atkinson index, etc. Gini coefficient and poverty income index are commonly used. According to the data provided by the National Bureau of Statistics and People's Daily Online, from 2000 to 2003, the Gini coefficients of Chinese residents were 0.4 17, 0.458, 0.454 and 0.460 respectively, which exceeded the international warning line of 0.4, indicating that the income gap in China has been very large. In addition, from the international comparison of Gini coefficient and income inequality index (World Bank Compilation Group, 200 1), the income distribution gap of individuals in China is higher than that of most developed countries and some developing countries.
Second, the income level of residents in different regions of China is quite different. Statistics from the National Bureau of Statistics show that in 200 1 year, the highest per capita net income of rural residents in Shanghai was 5,870 yuan, and the lowest in Tibet was 1404 yuan, with a difference of 4,466 yuan, the former being 4.2 times that of the latter; The highest per capita disposable income of urban residents is also in Shanghai, which is 12833 yuan, and the lowest is in Shanxi, which is 539 1 yuan, with a difference of 7442 yuan, the former is 2.4 times that of the latter; The average wage of employees in various regions is the highest in Shanghai, which is 2 178 1 yuan, and the lowest in Anhui, which is 7908 yuan, with a difference of 13873 yuan. The former is 2.8 times that of the latter.
Third, the income gap between urban and rural residents is too large. In 200 1 year, the per capita disposable income of urban residents in China is 2.9 times of the per capita net income of rural residents. Others think that the income gap between urban and rural residents in China is much higher than about 3: 1 on the books. If the actual purchasing power and the level of public services provided by the government are considered, it should be 5: 1 or even 6: 1 (Qiu Xiaohua, 2002). Even if it is 2.9: 1, the income gap between urban and rural residents in China is the largest in the world. According to the data of 36 countries in 1995 published by the International Labor Organization, the per capita income ratio of urban and rural areas in most countries is less than 1.6: 1, and only three countries exceed 2: 1, and China is one of them (Li Bengui, 2004).
Fourth, the income gap between urban residents has widened. According to Ma Xiaohe's (2003) research on the income distribution among different income classes of urban residents since 1990, the income ratio of urban residents with the lowest income to urban residents with the highest income is 1:3.22, to 200 1, and the income gap between the two classes has expanded to 1: 5.
Fifth, the income gap between rural residents has widened. This judgment has also been basically recognized by scholars at home and abroad (,Zhao,, 1999). Since the mid-1980s, the income gap in rural areas has basically been rising, and this judgment has also been supported by many empirical research results.
From the above analysis, it can be seen that the gap in personal income distribution in China is large and expanding.
As an important means for the government to participate in redistribution, taxation itself has the choice of fairness and efficiency. As far as the tax system construction itself is concerned, a tax system that gives consideration to fairness and efficiency is the best. Generally speaking, an efficient tax policy can promote economic growth, while a fair tax policy is more conducive to social stability. It should be said that since the reform and opening up, the orientation of China's tax policy is basically consistent with China's overall economic development strategy of "giving priority to efficiency and giving consideration to fairness", but the result of "giving consideration to both" is "neglect", which greatly reduces the fairness of China's tax policy. Since the reform and opening up, we have begun to build a harmonious society under the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development, emphasizing social stability and social development. Accordingly, the concept of tax management should be changed in time. Under the concept of "giving priority to fairness and giving consideration to efficiency". As an effective means for the state to participate in redistribution and an important tool for macro-control, taxation should play a greater role in fair income distribution and promoting coordinated economic and social development.
Adjustment of tax policies and systems;
"Government Economics" Physics Examination Exercise 4 Reference Answer
I. Explanation of Nouns
1. government procurement: refers to the behavior that governments at all levels in a country use state financial funds and government loans to purchase goods, projects and services in order to engage in daily government activities or provide public services, as well as institutions and groups providing public services to carry out business activities.
2. Pigou tax: In the case of external costs, if the government levies fines or taxes equivalent to the marginal external costs caused by the relevant enterprises or individuals, then the external costs will become the internal costs of the relevant parties, and they will take these costs into account when making decisions, thus avoiding the loss of efficiency. Because this method of correcting external costs was first proposed by Pigou, a British economist, it is also called Pigou tax.
Second, one-way selection.
1, the relationship between the supply and price of products under imperfect competition and the supply and price under optimal supply conditions is (c).
A, high supply and high price B, high supply and low price C, low supply and high price D, low supply and low price.
2, the following belongs to Coase theorem to solve externalities is (c).
A, tax B, financial subsidies C, emissions trading D, sewage charges
3. The government's public expenditure and public investment expenditure are the same in (d).
A, all belong to transfer expenditure b, all belong to social consumption expenditure.
C, all belong to social productive expenditure D, all belong to purchase expenditure.
4, the following departments belong to the main source of government revenue is (B).
A, agriculture b, industry c, commerce d, service industry
5, (a) will appear in the process of providing public goods.
A, hitchhiking problem B, adverse selection problem
C. Principal-agent problem D. Bad money drives out good money
6, the government debt income is the income obtained by the government and its affiliated institutions in the capacity of (B).
A, creditor b, debtor c, owner d and ruler
7, the modern government budget first produced in (a).
A, UK B, USA C, Sweden D, Germany
8, expansionary fiscal policy and expansionary monetary policy will lead to (d).
First, the output increases and the interest rate rises; B, the output decreases, and the interest rate decreases; C, output increases, interest rates fall; D, the output increases, and the direction of interest rate change is uncertain.
9. The essence of international taxation is (b).
A, the tax distribution relationship between countries and individuals B, the tax distribution relationship between countries.
C, the tax distribution relationship between countries and regions D, the tax distribution relationship between the state and the collective.
10, China realized the free convertibility of RMB under the current account under item (b).
a、 1996 B、 1996 C、 1997 D、 1998
Third, multiple choices.
1, the principle of organizing government revenue mainly includes (ABCD)
A, starting with economic development, the principle of increasing government revenue, and the principle of giving consideration to interests.
C, the principle of reasonable burden D, the principle of fairness and efficiency.
2. There are (ABCD) ways to repay public debt.
A. Purchase repayment method B, direct repayment method C, one-time repayment method D and lottery repayment method
3, the government budget in the implementation process is necessary to make a comprehensive adjustment (CD).
First, in the process of budget implementation, there are often some surplus funds and some insufficient funds between budget expenditure subjects.
B. Implementation of major natural disasters and major economic changes.
C. In case of extraordinary natural disasters, wars and other special circumstances.
D, when the national economic development is too high or too low.
4. To measure the allocation of resources among industries, the (AC) index is generally used.
A, the proportion of labor in various industries B, the proportion of capital in various industries
C, the proportion of output value in various industries D, the proportion of natural resources used in various industries
5. The condition that double taxation will not occur is (AC).
Two or more countries adopt different tax jurisdictions.
Two or more countries adopt the same tax jurisdiction.
Two or more countries have different interpretations of the same tax jurisdiction.
Two or more countries have the same interpretation of the same tax jurisdiction.
Fourth, short answer questions
1. What is the function of social security?
A: The main point is P 177.
The function of social security refers to the internal efficiency of social security system in all aspects of society, which is mainly reflected in the following aspects: (1) the function of ensuring the right to life of social members; (2) Risk sharing function; (3) Income redistribution function; (4) the function of maintaining social stability; (5) the function of adjusting macroeconomic balance.
2. What are the conditions for tax burden transfer?
A: The main point is P24 1.
Tax burden transfer: refers to the economic process and phenomenon that taxpayers transfer all or part of their taxes to others through various channels in the process of commodity exchange.
In actual economic life, the degree of tax burden transfer is also restricted by many factors: (1) the influence of supply elasticity and demand elasticity on tax burden transfer. Generally speaking, commodity taxes with large supply elasticity and small demand elasticity are easier to pass on; Commodities with small elasticity of supply and large elasticity of demand are not easy to pass on. (2) The influence of tax differences on tax burden transfer. Generally speaking, it is easier to realize tax burden transfer by taxing goods, but it is generally impossible to realize tax burden transfer by taxing income. (3) The influence of taxation scope on tax burden transfer. Goods with wide tax items are easy to realize tax burden transfer, while goods with narrow tax items are difficult to realize tax burden transfer. (4) The influence of the profit target pursued by the enterprise on the tax burden transfer. In the market economy, the business goal of enterprises is to maximize profits. Although the tax burden transfer also serves this goal, there will be contradictions between the two under certain circumstances.
3. What are the difficulties in the transformation of China government's economic functions during the period of economic system transition?
Answer: Point: P29
(1) Separate government from enterprise, and go their own way. The separation of government from enterprise requires the government to clearly define the boundary between government resource allocation and non-government resource allocation, and the government does not directly interfere with the production and operation activities of enterprises; (2) separating government affairs from social affairs and improving the government's public service ability. Under the condition of market economy, the purpose of government finance is to provide public goods and meet social needs, that is, public finance. However, there is still a certain gap between China's current public institution system, social organization management system and its fund supply and the financial requirements of the public, and the government functions are obviously "offside". (3) Separation of state-owned property management functions from government functions. In the transformation of government functions in China, compared with developed countries in market economy, how to deal with the relationship between state-owned assets management function and government public management function is a more unique problem; (4) Standardization and legalization of the division of government responsibilities. The transformation of China government's economic function should not only divide the boundary of the government's overall resource allocation, but also solve the problems of separating government from enterprise, separating government from enterprise, and separating government from society, and also solve the division of responsibilities within the government and take the road of standardization and legalization. (5) The establishment and effective operation of macro-control system.