What is the nature of Liang Wudi's founding of imperial academy?

From the Han Dynasty to the fifth year of Yuanshuo, that is, when imperial academy was founded in 124 BC, the landlord class had regular government universities and trained ruling talents. The establishment of Imperial College in Han Dynasty marked the establishment of the feudal official school system in China. The establishment of imperial academy needs certain conditions, and it must have an economic and political foundation and social needs. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu was not equipped with four horses of the same color to drive away, and some ministers had to take ox carts. Without a long-term recovery from the economic recession, he has no strength to start an official school. At that time, centralization of authority had not been consolidated, and the rulers were too busy to separate the vassals and deal with the intrusion of Xiongnu to take care of the establishment of schools and religions. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, production resumed, economy developed initially, national strength was enriched, and politics was unified, which made it possible to set up imperial academy. In order to strengthen the centralization of power, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted the so-called method of pushing favors, and implemented the system of dividing the land among the princes and not treating the people kindly. Officials of all sizes were gradually appointed directly by the imperial court, and a unified bureaucracy was initially established. To a great extent, the consolidation of the feudal empire depends on whether the imperial court can firmly control the bureaucrats, and whether bureaucrats at all levels can timely implement the imperial orders and policies to the areas under their jurisdiction and safeguard national unity. It is the key to maintain and consolidate centralization of authority by cultivating and bringing up a large number of talents who firmly establish the Confucian concept of unified country and patriarchal clan system, which requires the rulers to solve the problem of talent source. Therefore, in order to establish effective official management, it is necessary to train qualified personnel, which is a powerful driving force for the establishment of imperial academy. At the same time, the establishment of Imperial College in Han Dynasty was also due to two Confucian scholars who managed Yang Gong Chunqiu. One is Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, and the other is that the palace promoted imperial academy as prime minister. When the Imperial College of Han Dynasty was first established, its scale was very small, with only a few doctors of Confucian classics and fifty doctoral disciples. In Hanzhong Ye, Emperor Zhao and Xuan Di proclaimed themselves emperors. In order to alleviate the once tense domestic class contradictions caused by years of war, they implemented the policy of sharing weal and woe with the people and developing production, and the country showed a prosperous atmosphere again. In particular, Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, reorganized the bureaucracy, assessed the actual effect and paid attention to the cultivation of talents, and imperial academy also developed accordingly. The number of Thai students increased to 100 in the reign of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty, and to 200 in the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han Dynasty. In the late Western Han Dynasty, the Liu Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline, and the powerful forces were rampant. The monarch adopted a compromise policy, which led to corresponding changes in his ruling ideology. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Dong Zhongshu's research on Yang Gong changed from Confucianism as the main research, supplemented by the study of the name of punishment, to Confucianism and poetry, which indulged the development of powerful forces. However, the rulers' further attention to Confucianism promoted the development of imperial academy and the number of students increased. When Wang Mang was in power, he also took various measures to expand imperial academy: building school buildings for imperial academy, establishing music classics and adding doctors. Although Wang Mang's expansion of imperial academy has a personal political purpose, its positive role in the development of culture and education should not be denied. The above is an overview of the development of imperial academy in the Western Han Dynasty. In the early Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu and Emperor Hanming were in power, the imperial power was relatively consolidated, consorts and eunuchs dared not do evil openly, the society was relatively stable for a time, and imperial academy developed normally. After Emperor Zhang, politics in the Eastern Han Dynasty entered a dark period, and education in imperial academy declined for a time. When managing state affairs, Empress Dowager Deng drew lessons from the loss of power of consorts in the past, paid attention to the use of consorts and eunuchs, and respected Confucianism and the Three Fairs. It was not until the capital of Shun Di was established for six years that Imperial College was rebuilt, and 240 rooms and 1850 rooms were expanded. Later, the number of students in imperial academy was increased, and the salaries of students in A and B departments and students in imperial academy were raised, so the number of students in imperial academy increased greatly. During the reign of Emperor Han, Empress Liang was in power. In order to consolidate the political power, she respected Confucianism and recruited Thai students extensively. As a result, the number of Thai students reached 30 thousand, which lasted until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, imperial academy in China far surpassed Boda, which once again proved that China's ancient education was in the forefront of the world. Management and teaching in imperial academy. The officials in charge of culture and education in the Han Dynasty were too ordinary, ranking first among the nine ladies. Taichang, formerly known as Fengchang, was an old official of the Qin Dynasty. When Emperor Han Jingdi changed his name, it was renamed Taichang, and Wang Mang changed his rank to Zong. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, its name was restored. Taichang is responsible for managing culture and education. This educational administrative system obviously retains the nature of the unity of politics and religion. The imperial court not only appointed Taichang as the general manager, responsible for the management of imperial academy, but also personally visited imperial academy, showing that the education administration in ancient China received special attention from the beginning. The professor in imperial academy is called a doctor, and his main duty is to teach his disciples, focusing on teaching. However, the state-owned doubts still need to be answered ("Records of Officials in the Later Han Dynasty II"), that is, to participate in political academic discussions in the imperial court. In addition, there are missions and visits to local politics and religion. In the Han dynasty, doctors asked about politics and taught posts, which embodied the principle of practical application. There is a first mate above the doctor. In the Western Han Dynasty, the chief physician was called Servant Shooter, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was changed to offering wine. The wine offering ceremony was presided over by a clever and powerful doctor who was too often selected by the predecessor of the later university president. Imperial academy in the Han Dynasty had the tradition of being a teacher in YEATION. Doctors in the Western Han Dynasty were mostly celebrities, and they were selected by worship or recommendation. Doctors in the Eastern Han Dynasty had to pass exams and write letters of recommendation. Because doctors belong to the imperial court, some of them are promoted by other subjects and other officials. The selection of doctors in Han dynasty was very cautious and strict. Doctors should have both ability and political integrity, have extensive knowledge that is clear from ancient times to the present, and have the ability to learn from the old. They should become role models for scholars and be respected as moral demeanor. In addition, you must have special training and considerable teaching experience, as well as physical health and other conditions. Later, the imperial edict issued by the emperor stipulated that any doctor must be over fifty years old. After strict selection, doctors who taught in universities in the Han Dynasty were generally of high quality, including a generation of Confucian scholars. The teaching of these people has played a guarantee role in improving the teaching quality in imperial academy. It should be pointed out that imperial academy was a feudal official school after all, and the political corruption in feudal society inevitably eroded the administration of imperial academy, which led to the disadvantage of imperial academy in the selection of doctors. But on the whole, strict selection of teachers was still the mainstream of imperial academy in Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, imperial academy also had a tradition of respecting teachers and valuing morality, and doctors in imperial academy enjoyed high economic and political treatment. Imperial academy, a doctor in Han Dynasty, was in charge of discussing politics, imperial envoys and governors, which showed that his political status was not low. Students in imperial academy were called doctoral students, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, they were simply called imperial academy students or students. There are no strict regulations on the by-election methods of imperial academy students in Han Dynasty, and there are two most common forms: one is direct election of imperial academy students; The second is the selection and delivery of counties, countries, counties and cities. If the selection and delivery are false, the responsible official will be punished. The selection and delivery conditions refer to the method proposed by Gong. In addition, there are those who passed the exam to enter the school because of their fatherhood. There is no strict school age limit for recruiting too many students. Although Gong's plan stipulated that students should enter school at the age of 18, in fact, there were both Bai Shouweng who was over 60 years old and Ren Shengtong (that is, Ren Yannian) who was famous for doing business at the age of 12. The students sent by Taichang are formal students and enjoy a salary. The students admitted by other means are informal students, and the expenses are self-care. Doctoral students from poor families who can't study can be sent from the county, and they are also allowed to work while studying in imperial academy. After Wang Mang, the composition of students in imperial academy changed gradually. Initially, it was required to train the sons of scholars in the Yuan Dynasty as disciples, and then the Regulations on the Admission of Disciples and Brothers of Ming Classics Officials was added. There are more and more aristocratic children in imperial academy, and the trend of aristocratic development has also developed. After graduation, college students have different ways out: some are ministers, some are officials, some take apprentices as teachers, and some fail to learn. Except that the son of a general bureaucrat can be an official without imperial academy's qualification, the way out for most college students still embodies the purpose of running a school. The fundamental purpose of the establishment of imperial academy by the rulers is to improve the efficiency of official management and strengthen centralization. In order to achieve this goal, imperial academy implemented the method of combining scholar training with talent selection in the Han Dynasty, and at the same time reformed the regulations on hiring officials and promotion in Wengong to make it consistent with the principle of talent selection in imperial academy. This plan was also drawn up by Gong. Gong's suggestion was approved by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Since then, literary etiquette and skills have been listed as conditions for making up officials and promoting, and those who recite more are preferred. The education level of officials and the cultivation level of Confucianism have been highly valued, resulting in the situation that officials, officials, doctors, officials and scholars were more educated than scholars in the Han Dynasty (The Scholars), that is, from the emperor to the prime minister to the local officials, Confucian classics were taught. Confucianism and official career are completely integrated, and scholars become Confucian scholars. Cultivating the consistency between scholars and education officials is an important reason for the unification of political thought in Han Dynasty, and it is also a key link to implement the policy of respecting Confucianism, literature and education. At that time, it played a positive role in conforming to the needs of historical development, consolidating the rule of the emerging landlord class, and supplementing and amending the system of Shi Qing Shi Lu. However, the thought of the exploiting class promoting to a higher position and making a fortune has also eroded school education and poisoned the minds of scholars. This is an inevitable historical and class limitation and should be criticized. Imperial College has a loose management of students' life and lacks experience. Imperial College has a house for its students. You can live in separate rooms, live with your family, and rent a house off campus. Imperial academy's education and management of students' learning are not perfect, but there are some unique features: First, teachers give priority to teaching, supplemented by students teaching each other. Although there were silks, papers and pens in the Han Dynasty, they were not widely used. In the Han Dynasty, when it was difficult to write and publish, the classics of the masters were also difficult to write, and most of them were handed down by teachers. To learn Confucianism, we must learn from teachers, and teachers' lectures became the main teaching form of universities in Han Dynasty. There is a special lecture hall for teachers to lecture. It is said that the lecture hall of Luoyang Imperial College is ten feet long and three feet wide, and there are internal and external points, which are called internal and external lecture halls. It is conceivable that the scale of the lectures at that time was grand. Most of imperial academy's doctors are famous Confucian scholars, who specialize in Confucianism and classics. They talked about classics and gave lectures, which made imperial academy in the feudal society of China in the primary academic stage. At the same time, the Han society also paid more attention to the teaching art of Confucian classics, which directly affected the teaching in imperial academy. In order to ensure that the Confucian classics taught by the teacher will not be distorted and promote a high degree of unity of political thoughts, the rulers of the Han Dynasty stipulated that the teaching of Confucian classics must abide by the Teacher's Law and the Family Law. The so-called learning method refers to learning the classics of teachers who became doctors in the early Han Dynasty. For example, Yang Gong Chunqiu takes the classics of Professor Dong Zhongshu as its learning method. Later, when the disciples of the master handed down the scriptures, they developed and formed the family law, which was called the family law. For example, there are two owners, Yan's ram and Yan's ram. Generally speaking, the Western Han Dynasty attached importance to learning law, while the Eastern Han Dynasty attached importance to family law, which was in line with the development order of Confucian classics. The imperial court was very strict in observing the laws of learning from others. In addition, the social investigation and the examination in imperial academy require strict compliance with the Teacher Law and Family Law. Because there is no unified teaching material and no reference to the standards of the Family Law, the controversy in this area has not subsided. It was not until the fourth year of Xiping in the Eastern Han Dynasty that imperial academy carved stone scriptures, which initially solved the problem of unifying the scriptures. The Book of Songs in Xiping is the first set of official standard textbooks in ancient China, the first officially published classic in the history of Confucian classics, an important symbol that calligraphy is regarded as an art, and an outstanding pioneering work in the history of world cultural development. Xiping stone carvings further show that the rulers of Han Dynasty strictly abide by the requirements of imitation and family law and attach great importance to restraint. Pi, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, estimated that this was a form of imperial academy's assistance in giving lectures on Confucian classics in Han Dynasty. Second, pay attention to exams and self-study. In Han Dynasty, imperial academy attached importance to examination and established a certain system. Examination has two functions in business schools: one is the means of selecting materials, and the other is the means of supervising and inspecting students' learning management. Dong Zhongshu suggested in "Countermeasures" that making good use of several questions is handsome and appropriate, indicating that the initial establishment of the examination system should focus on selecting materials. Later, the number of students increased sharply, which made it difficult for teachers to manage, and the management role of examinations became more obvious. There are two kinds of examination methods in Han dynasty: shooting strategy and countermeasures. The so-called shooting strategy, like the lottery test in later generations, focuses on the interpretation and elaboration of Confucian classics. First, the doctor put the suspicious books in the Confucian classics into the raiders, sealed them, and projected them by the students to answer them. Initially, the shooting strategy was divided into two subjects according to the difficulty, and each subject had a prescribed number of officials. The so-called countermeasures are based on major political and theoretical issues raised by emperors or academic officials. Countermeasures are mostly recommended by the court and then awarded to officials; Shooting strategy is often used in imperial academy's exams, which helps to urge students to read the classics carefully and understand their meanings. However, any kind of examination method has its own emphasis, and it is impossible to do everything. The same is true of shooting strategy, which has limitations in cultivating and examining students' ability to understand and use classics (that is, business books). Imperial examinations are generally tried once a year in the Western Han Dynasty and once every two years in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Wang Mang changed two subjects to three subjects and increased the number of officials in each subject. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, subjects A and B were resumed. With the expansion of imperial academy, some changes have taken place in the examination system. The idea of changing is to pay more attention to exams. This exam-centered approach will undoubtedly hinder the systematization of teaching. However, it is helpful to encourage students to master several classics and become knowledgeable generalists, which is a major development of the Western Han Dynasty on the basis of specialized classics. In addition to the teaching of Confucian classics, students of Imperial College in Han Dynasty had plenty of time to study by themselves. The school authorities allow students to discuss knowledge freely and teach celebrities and scholars. This management method is the legacy of pre-Qin study tour. Advocating self-study and allowing free discussion have created a group of high-quality talents with research ability and extensive knowledge. Imperial College in Han Dynasty advocated self-study, allowed free discussion and encouraged students to become generalists, which is still instructive for us to reform university education and cultivate creative talents with profound knowledge and research ability today. As far as the development of education is concerned, imperial academy's teaching directly inherited Xia Ji scholars, and further established the system of combining teaching with research. Academies after the Song Dynasty inherited and developed this tradition, which made the higher education in ancient China have a higher quality. Imperial College allows students to discuss freely, which is carried out on the premise of political and ideological unity. The imperial court took various measures to control Imperial College. However, in order to oppose the eunuch clique's invasion of officials, a political movement broke out in the Han Dynasty Imperial College and was brutally suppressed. This is the famous bipartisan disaster. The political movement of Thai students in Han Dynasty involved complicated struggles within the ruling class. However, most Thai students showed the spirit of resisting dark politics, not afraid of power and striving for honor in the struggle, and wrote the first page of the history of ancient student movements.