The Ministry of Construction approved the "Code for Valuation by Bill of Quantities of Construction Projects" (GB50500-2003) as a national standard, which is an important measure for the reform of China's construction field. It is not only the reform of project cost management mode, but also has a far-reaching impact on the behavior of all parties in the construction market.
1 Form and valuation method of bill of quantities
Bill of quantities is a set of bill of quantities that the tenderer reasonably decomposes all the items and contents of the project stipulated in the contract according to the parts and nature of the project and certain measurement rules, so as to clarify the content and scope of the project and quantify these contents. Bill of quantities is one of the contract documents, which reflects the main contents and estimated quantities of each relatively independent project. Usually, each single project is taken as the object, and the quantities are listed according to the partial projects.
The bill of quantities can be divided into three forms according to the different comprehensive contents of its unit price:
1. 1 comprehensive unit price method. The unit price includes labor costs, material costs, machinery costs, management fees, profits, taxes, etc. According to the different contents, the list items can be divided into three categories: start-up expenses, permanent projects and daywork. Its characteristic is that the start-up expenses such as insurance premium and temporary facilities fee are listed separately.
1.2 full cost unit price method. The unit price only includes labor costs, materials costs, machinery costs, management fees, profits, taxes, insurance premiums, temporary works and other start-up expenses.
1.3 quantity unit price method. The unit price only includes labor cost, material cost and machinery cost, so it is also called direct cost unit price method.
The bill of quantities can be divided into two categories according to the different pricing methods: one is the project priced according to "unit price or rate" It is characterized by taking the engineering entity as the object, the engineering quantity is an estimate, and the actual engineering quantity is a real measurement. The other is a lump-sum project, which mainly includes start-up expenses, such as temporary facilities fees and insurance fees. Its characteristic is that it does not directly form a physical project, which generally occurs in the early stage of the project and is relatively independent.
2 Calculation principle of bill of quantities
On the basis of meeting the requirements of engineering design drawings and design and construction specifications, the engineering quantity is accurately calculated according to the national unified Principles for Dividing Fixed Projects of Building Engineering Foundation and Rules for Calculating Engineering Quantity, and all projects and calculated engineering quantities are arranged according to the fixed chapter mode. The calculation of bill of quantities should follow the principles of simplicity, clarity, accuracy and rationality, which is convenient for owners to master the quotation of individual projects and for enterprises to prepare comprehensive unit price and cost price accounting. When calculating the list items, we should try to avoid the artificial plasticity of the project cost caused by unclear project boundaries.
3 Conditions of Use of Bill of Quantities
Only by studying the use conditions of bill of quantities and striving to create the use conditions of bill of quantities can we effectively play the role of bill of quantities. Specifically, the following support conditions should be met:
3. 1 Construction bidding system requiring fair competition. Bill of quantities provides the same bidding basis, provides a fair and reasonable risk division model, meets the principles of efficiency, economy and fairness through competitive bidding, follows the basic rules of market economy, and selects contractors according to the level of competitiveness to achieve the purpose of bidding and procurement.
3.2 Requirements apply to unit price contract conditions. The bill of quantities is essentially unit price contract's pricing method, including two meanings; (1) The bill of quantities is characterized by "quantity changes, price remains unchanged". At present, in many places in China, the tender based on list pricing under the condition of lump sum contract has confused unit price contract and lump sum contract. (2) unit price contract needs to have a corresponding governance structure to reasonably divide and balance the rights, obligations and risks of both parties to the contract.
3.3 Need an independent and impartial construction supervision system. Modern engineering contract conditions are standard contract terms based on an independent and fair construction supervision system, and supervision engineers play a key role in organization, supervision, management and coordination. This is the characteristic of modern engineering contract, and it is also the condition to play its role.
3.4 Require a sound market economy and legal system. Bidding with list valuation requires the use of the rules of market economy, and the market forms product prices according to the laws of value, competition and supply and demand, so as to complete the transaction of construction products.
Four problems in the practice of quotation with bill of quantities
Through the pilot project of bill of quantities quotation, it is found that there are such problems in the aspects of owners, bidding agencies and bidding, which can be summarized as follows:
4. 1 Owner: I don't have a deep understanding of BOQ quotation, and think that BOQ quotation is the lowest bid, and I am willing to spend the least value to get the best project. At present, in the case of great differences in understanding and low practical level, if the bill of quantities is completed in a short time, it will inevitably affect the quality of the bill of quantities and bidding documents, and greatly reduce the accuracy of the bill of quantities.
4.2 Bidder: Influenced by the traditional pricing method, the comprehensive unit price of the project is calculated based on the budget price to cope with the quotation of bill of quantities. Accustomed to the quota books issued by government departments for many years, budget personnel lack cost calculation data and experience, and cannot truly reflect the cost price of enterprises and the actual cost of engineering projects. In addition, the level of enterprise budget personnel is difficult to meet the needs of list quotation in theory and practice.
4.3 Bidding Agency: At present, all bidding agencies in our district lack professionals engaged in the provision of bill of quantities, and there are some problems in the compilation, such as vague overall concept of bill of quantities quotation, inadequate understanding, insufficient attention, low level of documentation, inadequate grasp of calculation method of bill of quantities, incorrect calculation of quantities, and no guarantee of agency quality.
5. Carry out the reform of bill of quantities valuation and valuation method and put forward the following suggestions.
5. 1 downplays the legality of the quota, the guidance of the price and the mandatory cost. The current regulatory pricing model is fundamentally contradictory to the market pricing model required by the market economy. What is urgently needed at present is to dilute the legality and compulsion of pricing basis. The specific requirements are as follows: First, the mandatory basis of list valuation shall not be stipulated in the cost management documents and bidding documents, and the quota is only used as a reference. Second, the valuation basis of various basic quotas, material prices and expense standards should not be directly published by the construction administrative departments at all levels, but should be collected and published by associations and intermediaries. Third, change the function and focus of the cost management organization.
5.2 Formulating national unified pricing standards and rules. Fair competition needs the same competitive basis, and it is of great significance to formulate unified pricing standards and rules for establishing a unified national construction market. The specific work includes two aspects: on the one hand, during the transition period, the national unified basic consumption quota will be implemented, and the regional comprehensive quota will no longer be compiled by the regional cost stations, thus eliminating the situation of regional quota separation. The compilation of regional comprehensive quota and unit pricing table is not only not conducive to the establishment of a unified market and fair competition, but also will eventually lose its existence value with the popularization of computers and the reform of pricing methods; On the contrary, the basic quota has stronger flexibility and adaptability. On the other hand, formulate unified standard measurement rules and unified standard format of bill of quantities. At present, China's construction, installation, municipal and other majors have basic quotas and corresponding engineering quantity measurement rules, which can be systematically and scientifically sorted and processed. The key issue is to establish its authoritative position.
5.3 Use market mechanisms such as price mechanism, competition mechanism, supply and demand mechanism, etc. to standardize the bidding behavior based on bill of quantities.
5.3. 1 Establish a market pricing mechanism in which prices are formed by the market. Under the condition of market economy, the market-oriented pricing model determines that the pricing mechanism is market-based, that is to say, the price is formed in the interaction between supply and demand and competition.
5.3.2 Establish a market competition mechanism for survival of the fittest. The ways to allocate resources include market competition mechanism, administrative order, legal compulsion, voting system, random lottery, etc. Market competition mechanism has become the most effective way to allocate resources because of its high efficiency, rapidity and fairness. In the process of evaluating and selecting resources, we should adhere to two standards: one is utility standard, and the other is cost standard. The utilitarian standard is to meet people's needs to the greatest extent; The cost standard is that people pay the cheapest cost for resources. Adhering to these two standards has produced a trend, that is, selecting and allocating superior resources and eliminating inferior resources. This is the competitive mechanism of survival of the fittest.
For more information about project/service/procurement bidding, and to improve the winning rate, please click on the bottom of official website Customer Service for free consultation:/#/? source=bdzd