Analysis of the Death of Quan Deyu in Han Dynasty
It is said that the people who died in the Han Dynasty were said to be headstrong and outstanding. To be a headstrong, rebellious, chaotic person, since Jia Yi was destroyed, the world has clearly heard about it. At the beginning of the quiet expedition, yu zhang died in Xijing and Hu Guang died in Tokyo. They all use false Taoism and Confucianism, which can stretch evil spirits, become famous for a while, and be a public assistant. When words are angry, profits and losses are related to them, and many parties are kind and soft, and hold their ground and hold their ground. Or when you are trapped, you can be arrogant, or you can be fierce. Therefore, the opportunity to overthrow it and the signs of usurpation are guided and tamed. Although worship is far away, it is only natural to give orders to others. It's a thief Is it straightforward and outstanding?
Taking Confucian classics as a teacher, preparing for Han and respecting the letter. He is both a master and a priest, and he is also a very Confucian person. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there were frequent disputes between heaven and earth, and all the speakers laughed at Wang Zhizheng. When the emperor became emperor, he also regretted the sudden change, but he didn't make a decision. He drove to Yu Di to ask about it. He had to say that it was legal. For Yu Ji, Chen Dayi must also keep calm, recite Xiaoya's October Sting, take advantage of the situation and talk about gains and losses. On the contrary, the words "don't talk about strange things" made the emperor not doubt and gave Wang the momentum of sinking, ups and downs and sudden death. Don't even think about it, Emperor Luo Can. It is better to be open and honest, argue in court, and visit with an open mind when Chu Yan is free. Look at the young man under the bed. The butler's son-in-law is near the county seat. However, he took home as his heart, tried his best to protect the country, and did not care about the sufferings of the country, which led to thieves playing politics and overlapping the chief executive's handle, which was a disaster. As for the new capital, it is unstoppable and can be angry.
Sandwiched between the eastern capital, Shun and Huan, it unified the three wonders of the country and took power with the position of a great scholar. At first, Liang Ji's consorts were heavy, and he was greedy when he was in the country. He is both an emperor and an heir. Ministers and ministers, with Qinghe Wang garlic, are old and virtuous, belonging to the most respected relatives, and can calm people's hearts. Also established Ji Wei's wisdom is not conducive to Chang Jun. He belongs to Chiwu privately and is a widely discussed figure. He also stood like a stone, never looking back. He led Zhao Jie's followers and was guarded by Du Li. Then, three things are done well, and righteousness lies in the DPRK. Although it was violent, how did it ever punish the public anger of the Han Dynasty? Contrary to peace of mind, the mouse is timid and timid, which is really useless for Qinghe, while I am the stalk, the state is the supernatural, and the Chinese frown. The prison where the different parties fought against each other became a disaster in the palace, a cycle of disaster and chaos. Even Dong Zhuo and Hehe in the Han Dynasty became chess pieces, and a radial tripod was built, which had long been broken. He Meifu is lonely and far away, while Zhang Gang is humble and buried. Who is the only one? I'm not thinking!
Hey! On the contrary, it is born normal. Only when we have a political handle can the country survive, so we should focus on the beginning, decide to start, guide the spirit and curb chaos. If the disaster sprouts, it will die, and the white blade can dance and the feather is light. At the end of peace, Yu Guang set a thin line for Zhong, counted his blessings in the dew, and then settled down in the exploration. When the husband is in trouble, the country has a great cause and is willing to be tongue-tied. More than that, Fang lit a prairie fire with blazing flames, decided to make soup from fragrant tombs, threw the world into smoke and simmered, and crowded everyone into mats. Under EMI, there is no name. Although history praises foul language, it does not study the background. Without crossing the line, the book will punish the evil of the king, and the words will be false and argued. There are two views. If, in the Spring and Autumn Period, Hiroshi's crime is to warn the afterlife, you can win discipline! If Xijing suppresses the loss of the king and respects the monarch and humble the minister, there will be no sorrow and happiness. Deng Yong Qinghe in Tokyo, the Lord is a loyal tooth, but it is almost meaningless and chaotic. It is not easy to know what a big man is. Or the rise and fall of the country, there are many ghosts, and non-human beings seek to prosper, but occasionally they take their blind followers, respect them as chapters, and list them in the corridors and temples. He Yaoshun's consultation or persuasion, Yin Hezhou's dream or divination? If you are worried about your daily work, why not? Zi, who rejoiced in the Spring and Autumn Annals because of history, [B 14A] was indignant, so he distinguished why.
Brief introduction of the author
Quan Deyu (759-8 18) was a writer and minister in the Tang Dynasty. This word is contained. Tianshui Lueyang (now Shaanxi Lueyang) people. Later, he moved to Runzhou Dantu (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). During the reign of Dezong, he was called Doctor Taichang, changed his post to fill the vacancy, moved to Sheren, studied the imperial edict, and entered the Chinese book Sheren. During the reign of Emperor Xianzong, he worshipped the minister of rites, later moved to the minister of punishments, and then took the minister of officials to Shannan West Road for us. This obituary was later called the full text.
Quan Deyu was an important writer of Taige style in the middle Tang Dynasty, and a eunuch who was famous for his articles. The Biography of Quan Deyu in the Old Tang Dynasty said that he was "extremely narrative. There are hundreds of classics, and the tour is gradually dyed, elegant, tall and straight, and broad. At that time, the governors will be like celebrities, and mingji will be invited. At that time, people thought it was a master. " The inscriptions and poems of famous heroes such as Xiongnu and Ma Su are all written by him. His book On the Death of the Han Dynasty accused yu zhang and Hu Guang of coveting the throne and corrupting the politics of the Han Dynasty. Historians believe that "big fingers help the world" (Biography of Quan Deyu in the New Tang Dynasty). Because he has not experienced major political ups and downs and life changes, his article is elegant and grand in style, but lacks profound connotation and innovative pattern. His contemporaries, yeyu of Huangfu, said: "Articles that have the right to write, such as Zhumen and Dida, are magnificent, with corridors and stables, and every household knows the week. However, it is impressive that there can be no new rules to win. " Yan Yu's Poems on Canglang in the Southern Song Dynasty spoke highly of his poems, calling him an author worthy of "deep appreciation" after Dali, and said: "Quan Deyu's poems are no different from those in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, ... or similar to those in Suzhou and Liu Changqing." (Source: Baidu Encyclopedia)
To annotate ...
1, Mang: Wang Mang, Xi * * *, whose family generation is the consort of the Western Han Dynasty, and his power is biased towards the ruling and opposition parties. In the fifth year of Emperor Ping of Han Dynasty, Wang Mang killed Emperor Ping and helped a two-year-old boy succeed to the throne. Three years later, Han, who usurped the throne, became independent and founded the country. After fifteen years in office, he was killed by peasant rebels. Zhuo: Dong Zhuo, Dong * * *, violent and resourceful. When Emperor Ling collapsed, General He Jin and others conspired to punish eunuchs and led Dong Zhuo into the court. After Dong Zhuo entered the DPRK, he killed the young emperor and the queen mother, forcing the capital to move to Chang 'an. They also burned palaces and officials and dug the tombs of emperors. In the third year of Xian Di Chuping (192), Dong Zhuo was killed by Wang Yun and others.
2. Artifact: refers to the country. Jia: Take it if you buy it.
3. Xijing: Chang 'an refers to the Western Han Dynasty. Yu zhang: Wen Zi, West. Yi zhi and the Analects of Confucius. He used to be a doctor of Guanglu, teaching the Analects of Confucius. Official to the prime minister, named an changhou.
4. Tokyo: Luoyang refers to the Eastern Han Dynasty. Hu Guang: The word "Bo" begins with "Dong * * *". He is smooth and successful. For more than 30 years, he has served as six emperors and has always held important positions such as Sikong, Situ, Taiwei and Taifu. At the age of 82.
5. All pseudo-Confucianism: Zhang Yuzhi's The Analects of Confucius was learned from others and became a family statement. At that time, scholars said a lot. Hu Guang has a thorough understanding of the Six Confucian Classics and is good at typing chapters and sentences.
6. 乸: The same as "inviting" and seeking.
7. Public auxiliary: three public auxiliary phases. In the Western Han Dynasty, the three public officials were Fu, Da Situ and Da, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fu was changed to Qiu.
8. Li Jie: nemesis; The source of disaster.
9. Fierce infiltration: A fierce person refers to Liang Ji.
10 year: yu zhang became emperor, more than 20 years before Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, with two emperors in between. When Hu Guang echoed Liang Ji's dictatorship, he rushed the emperor and the quality emperor. It has been more than 50 years since Dong Zhuo rebelled, and there are two emperors in the middle.
1 1, ratio: comparison.
12, emperor: refers to Han Chengdi.
13, forever, and: are the year numbers of Emperor Hancheng, namely 16-9 BC.
14, Qi: Clouds in the eyes, which is extended to natural anomalies such as solar eclipse.
15, turn: same as "specialized".
16, driving to Yu Di: It refers to the brief introduction of Liang Ji, where natural anomalies occur frequently. Because of Wang's dictatorship, people have been talking about it. When Emperor couldn't make up his mind, he took a bus to visit yu zhang, who had retired, and asked him about it.
17, the discipline of the Book of Changes in ice and snow: The Book of Changes in classical Chinese says: "It is not an overnight thing for a minister to kill a king and a son to kill his father. Its origin is fading away, so it is not too early to argue." Yi Day:' Frost is firm, and ice is firm.' Gaiyan is prosperous. "What the author means here is that when the king begins to be authoritarian, he should warn the emperor to be vigilant.
18, Xiaoya's October Stab: There is an article "The Turn of October" in Poem Xiaoya, and it is said in the preface that this is "the doctor stabbed the king". That is, criticizing Zhou Youwang's improper political measures through Eclipses.
19. It's not surprising that we seldom talk about destiny: according to The Analects of Confucius Zi Han and Shuer, Confucius seldom talks about destiny and strange things. When he became emperor, he asked the reason for his mutation. Answer with Confucius' words, and suggest that Emperor Cheng should not listen to "a new student". When the emperor trusts, he no longer doubts the king.
20, sleep: gradually.
2 1, cut: study and discuss.
22. Qing: What's more. Yan Xian: jiyan lives in leisure.
23. Bottom line: yu zhang often visits him after retirement. Yu zhang's youngest son has not yet become an official. Once, when the emperor came to greet Zhang Yu, yu zhang noticed his youngest son several times, and the emperor knew it. At that time, he designated his youngest son as Huang Menlang in front of yu zhang's bed. On another occasion, Emperor Cheng came to visit and talked about his beloved daughter marrying Zhang Ye's satrap Xiao, which was a long way to go, hoping to bring the son-in-law closer. Emperor Cheng ordered Xiao to be the prefect of Hongnong. See Biography of Zhang Hanyu.
24. Thief: refers to the Wang brothers. The Wang brothers have been in power for more than 40 years, and they have the final say in national affairs. Finally, Wang Mang usurped the regime of the Han Dynasty.
25. Xindu: Wang Mang is the new capital.
26. Du Dong: Luoyang refers to the Eastern Han Dynasty.
27. Three musts of national reunification: After death, Emperor Chongdi and Emperor Zhidi died after one year in office respectively.
28. Coming to power: refers to the three public positions.
29. The weight of Liang Ji's consorts: Liang Ji is the younger brother and general of Queen Liang. Seat: Shit.
30. After Emperor Chong died, he became Emperor Zhi. Although the Prime Minister is very young, he also knows that Liang Ji is arrogant. He once said in public that he was a "domineering general". Liang Ji held a grudge and soon poisoned the quality emperor. After the death of Emperor Gaozong, Liang Ji once again proposed to establish an heir.
3 1, "Minister or Minister": Taiwei Guli, Situ Huguang, Sikong Zhao Jie, etc. Have said such a thing. See the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Biography of Guli. Liu suan and Zhi Di are the same grandfather, so they are said to be the most respectful.
32, private in Chiwu, no group discussion: Chiwu, that is, Chiwu Hou, people, marry Liang Jimei. Afraid that Liu garlic would be bad for him, he ignored everyone's opposition and made Li Wuhou emperor, the emperor of the Han Dynasty.
33. Followers Li and Du Shou: At that time, at the court meeting, they were aggressive and fierce, and proposed to set up a stupid Hou. And others were too scared to object, but Du Qiao insisted on setting up Liu garlic, which made the meeting impossible. After the meeting, I still wrote to Ji, which made me angry. He persuaded the Queen Mother to recall Gu Li, and finally made Li the marquis of Wu. See the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Biography of Guli.
34. Shi San: Doctor Shi San, with an ancient name of San Gong. White House: Guan Bai.
35. Qinghe Migration Waste: After the death of Emperor Zhi, Gong Qing proposed to set up Liu Garlic, the king of Qinghe, but insisted on not allowing it and set up Emperor Huan. More than a year later, Liu Wen and others tried to establish Liu garlic, which was disintegrated, relegated, moved to Guiyang and committed suicide. See "The Biography of Zhang Di and Eight Kings in the Later Han Dynasty".
36. The prison of the same party fighting against differences: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, eunuchs flourished and politics was dark, so some upright scholars rose up against eunuchs. Things failed. They were accused of being cronies, sentenced to life imprisonment for libel of the imperial court, and many people were killed.
37. The curse of the temple: the temple refers to the eunuch. Her two sisters are Empress Shun and Huan, so Ji is authoritarian. In the second year of Yan Xi (159), the queen died, and five eunuchs including Shan Chao killed Liang Ji. Five of them were appointed as Hou on the same day, and eight eunuchs, including, were also appointed as township Hou. Since then, eunuchs have monopolized power, disturbed the platform and exploited the people, which finally aroused a large-scale peasant uprising.
38. The cycle of disaster and chaos, even Dong Zhuo: After the death of Emperor Ling, the Prince succeeded to the throne and the Queen Mother came to the DPRK. He Jin, the younger brother of Empress Dowager Cixi, murdered the eunuch and was killed. In order to deal with the eunuchs, the courtiers recruited Dong Zhuozheng into the DPRK, and from then on, the world was in chaos, which was out of control. See History of Empress in the Later Han Dynasty. Dangtu: It is said in divination that Wei will replace the Han Dynasty. If there is such a thing as "pawning", pawning means Wei.
39. Meifu is far from alone: when he became an emperor, the general Wang Feng was authoritarian, and his ministers dared not speak. Although Mei Fu is in a low position, she has written many articles and ridiculed the king.
40. Zhang Gang buried the wheel in a humble position: When Liang Ji was in power, he sent eight envoys to follow the customs, and Zhang Gang was appointed as the suggestion and was also selected. Others are ready to go, but Zhang Gang buried the wheel under the pavilion in Luoyang, and wrote a letter to Liang Ji's 15 counts, demanding that he be severely punished. The whole dynasty was shocked after the book was printed. Although the emperor knew what Zhang Gang said was reasonable, Liang was too powerful to be appointed.
4 1, calculating auspicious symbols: According to the Biography of Zhang Hanyu, when yu zhang saw abnormal weather, he often used yarrow for divination. When he got the lucky charm, he gave it to the emperor. When he got the evil charm, he was worried. Count: many times. Auspicious divination: Auspicious divination. Uncovering yarrow: The next day, yarrow was placed in the open air under the starry sky for divination, thus obtaining the "weather".
42. After establishment, explore and upgrade: Shun Di wants to choose one of the four favored nobles as the queen. I don't know who to establish, and I want to ask God to draw lots to decide. Hu Guang and others suggested that a woman with a good family and excellent moral character should be chosen as the queen instead of drawing lots. Shun Di adopted this opinion.
43. Soup soup: The appearance of a torrent. Surrounding Mausoleum: Floods flood the Mausoleum.
44, simmer: charcoal.
45, faint pad: trapped in the water.
46. "Although history is harsh": Ban Gu's Biography of Zhang Hanyu and Ye Fan's Biography of Hu Guang in the Later Han Dynasty both pointed out their shortcomings to varying degrees, but failed to point out their harm to the country.
47. Kill the king if you don't cross the line. See Zuo Zhuan-Two Years of Gong Xuan: "Zhao Chuan attacked Gong Ling in Taoyuan, but Zi Xuan did not leave the mountain. Taishi Day: "Zhao Dun killed his king". Show it to North Korea. Zi Xuan Day: "Otherwise". Yes, I said,' You're a seme, and you don't fight for death or a thief. "Who is it?" This is the so-called brushwork of Spring and Autumn Annals.
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When people talk about the reasons for the demise of the Han Dynasty, they all say that Wang Mang and Dong Zhuo are the chief culprits. In my opinion, Wang Mang and Dong Zhuo usurped political power, making the country out of control and the people completely annihilated. They brought their own destruction, and their crimes are obvious to all. If we carefully explore the reasons for the demise of the Han Dynasty, we can say that yu zhang perished in the Western Han Dynasty and Hu Guang perished in the Eastern Han Dynasty. They all relied on Confucianism as capital to realize their sinister intentions, and gained great fame at that time, and they have always been senior officials such as Sangong and Prime Minister. Everything they say matters a lot. However, they always kiss up and be good gentlemen, just to keep their high position and high salary. Yu zhang entrapped the emperor, which led to the rise of the scourge; Hu Guang's attachment to Liang Ji has laid a curse. Therefore, the signs of national collapse and usurpation of power are gradually caused by their actions. Although they lived in an era that was many years away from the chaos in the world, the cause of the disaster was just like their hands-on teaching and chin command. Aren't they more harmful than follwed and Dong Zhuo?
Teachers and prime ministers who are proficient in Confucian classics and become emperors receive special respect and trust. He assumed the responsibility of being in charge of the ministers and reached the highest position that a Confucian scholar could reach. During the reign of the first emperor and the continuation of the Yuan Dynasty, abnormal phenomena often appeared in heaven and earth. People who talk about state affairs have ridiculed and accused the Wangs, thinking that this is caused by their autocracy. At that time, Emperor Cheng was also afraid of the variation of astronomical phenomena, and he had the heart to blame and blame himself, so he couldn't make up his mind at the moment.
He rode to yu zhang's mansion, looked around and asked yu zhang for advice. Need to get yu zhang's remark, as a criterion for judging things. For yu zhang's sake, we should also state the exhortation of "first frost is firm, ice is firm" in the Book of Changes, and recite a poem "Xiaoya" at the turn of October to illustrate this irony. Take advantage of the opportunity for Emperor Cheng to take the initiative to solicit opinions and point out political gains and losses. Who knows, instead, he replied with Confucius' words of "not saying anything" and "not saying anything strange", which dispelled the doubts of the emperor and caused the gradual prosperity of the king. The imperial court was safe and unguarded, and soon died. If Emperor Cheng did not consider the harm of Wang's autocratic power, he would still analyze his interests, try to persuade him, and even make faces in court. What's more, when the emperor came to see the court and sincerely asked him to come up with a solution, he was still paying attention to his youngest son in front of his hospital bed, demanding that his son-in-law be transferred to a nearby state and county, taking care of his family and children wholeheartedly, coveting his own comfort and not worrying about the national crisis. As a result, the Wang brothers came to power and took turns to govern in North Korea, which matured and poisoned the whole country. Finally, it developed into a new capital, Hou Wangmang, and the Han Dynasty, which usurped political power. Wang Mang's usurpation of power cannot be contained. What yu zhang has done is really irritating!
Between Shun Di and Emperor Huan in the Eastern Han Dynasty, three emperors died in three years. Hu Guang was appointed as a great scholar, and his official position has always been just.
Liang Ji came to power in North Korea relying on the authority, greed and violence of her consorts. After poisoning the quality emperor, he discussed the establishment of a successor. Ministers and ministers all think that Liu, the king of Qinghe, is old and virtuous, and his relationship is the most noble and intimate, which can calm people's hearts and make him succeed. However, he was afraid of Liu garlic's intelligence, thought that the old monarch was not conducive to his autocratic power, and privately wanted to establish and Hou Liuzhi, which disagreed with all the ministers. For Hu Guang's consideration, he should be the mainstay, firm and never give in. Under the guidance of Zhao Jie and others, Coulee and Du Qiao insisted on the same idea. Then, three officials stated the correct opinion of Li Liu Garlic together in court. Even if Liang Ji is violent, can he kill all the government officials at once? Who knows, on the contrary, he longed for temporary peace, hesitated and cringed, which eventually led to Liu Garlic, the king of Qinghe, being exiled to other places, committing suicide and dying, and Hou Liuzhi succeeded to the throne, which became an obstacle to national luck; The situation in the Han Dynasty is getting worse and worse, and the fate is getting worse and worse. The rise of the party's struggle for unjust imprisonment caused the disaster of eunuch's autocracy. One disaster after another, and finally developed into forced exile and insurrection. The prosperous Han Dynasty was finally replaced by the Wei Dynasty. To sum up, the demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty, like the bending of beams and the breaking of tripod feet, was hidden a long time ago. That belle is weak in strength and low in status, and can go up and down repeatedly; Zhang Gang has the lowest official position among the Eight Ambassadors. In order to oppose Liang Ji, he buried the wheel under the pavilion in Luoyang, and wrote a letter begging Liang. Who are they? Why didn't yu zhang and Hu Guang think of this?
Alas! Pursuing interests, avoiding disasters, being proud of the prosperity of official career and being ashamed of the embarrassing situation are almost people's usual mentality. However, on the issue of mastering power and governing the country, which is closely related to the survival of the country, we should act cautiously and make bold decisions before the disaster begins, so as to promote the healthy trend and cut off the root causes of the disaster. If the disaster has already begun, don't be afraid of sacrifice, dare to step on the blade and treat death as light as a feather. However, when yu zhang and Hu Guang were stable in the world, they just tried their best to show a little loyalty. In their lives, they paid attention to perfecting Liang Ji's profile, presented auspicious hexagrams occupied by yarrow for many times, and blocked the establishment of the queen by drawing lots. At the critical moment of life and death, they are willing to block their mouths, say nothing and stand by silently. Where are all these? They also added fuel to the fire, adding fuel to the fire and putting people all over the world in dire straits. After one hundred generations, I don't know who is the culprit. Although there are some comments on the praise of Hanshu and Houhanshu, the context is unclear. In the past, when Duke Ling of Jin was killed, Zhao Dun did not flee the country, and Zuo Zhuan also recorded his crime of regicide. Shao Zhengmao was so eloquent that Confucius killed him under the high platform on both sides of the palace gate. If it was in the Spring and Autumn Period, it would be endless to point out the crimes committed by yu zhang and Hu Guang to warn future generations! Originally, if we can suppress the influence of the king, establish the authority of the monarch, and make the officials obey the monarch, then the dilapidated situation of mourning the emperor and pacifying the emperor may not appear; If Liu, the king of Qinghe in the Eastern Han Dynasty, became emperor, the monarch was wise and the courtiers were loyal, then the disaster of spiritual harmony might not have happened. It is difficult to judge how long the national reunification of the Han Dynasty lasted. Some people think that the rise and fall of a country is decided by providence in the dark, which is beyond the reach of human beings. If this statement can be established, then simply ask the deaf and blind to be prime ministers, erect clay figurines to show their respect, put them in official clothes, stamp them with official seals, and arrange them in the court. Why do Yao and Shun often sigh "discuss" and "sigh" in order to govern the country? Why does Yin He dream day and night, and some people do divination?
Why do they worry about state affairs, work hard, and sometimes have no time to eat from morning till night, so as to govern the country well? Because I study ancient history and like the writing of Spring and Autumn Annals, there are praises and derogatory meanings between the lines, so I am angry, so I think the reason for the demise of the Han Dynasty.