Assyrians lived in Mesopotamia for about 1000 years, which can be roughly divided into three periods: early Assyrian, middle Assyrian and Assyrian Empire. The Assyrian Empire was the most prosperous period in its history. From the middle of the 8th century BC to 62 1 year BC, it ruled Asia for more than a century. Nineveh, the capital, has become an international metropolis.
The 9th century BC to 8th century BC was a great opportunity for Assyrians to expand. In the world, there are no strong enemies around it: the powerful Egyptian empire has become a thing of the past, the Hittites in Asia Minor have been destroyed by the "maritime nation", Babylonia in the south has been torn apart, and Medea and Persia in the east have not yet risen. In Assyria, the introduction of iron from Hittites not only brought revolutionary changes to Assyria's economic production, but also provided Assyrians with sharper weapons and enhanced the power of war. Therefore, from the reign of Sirpa II of Assyria (883-859 BC), Assyria began its foreign conquest.
All the monarchs of the Assyrian Empire:
Adadeni Larry II BC 9 12- BC 89 1
Tututi-Ninurta II BC 89 1- 883 BC
Assyria II from 883 BC to 859 BC
Salmanasal III from 858 BC to 824 BC
Shamshi Adade V BC 823- BC 865438+ BC 0 1 year.
Adadeni Larry III BC 8 1 1 year-783 BC.
Sam Ramat (Regent), 865438 BC+00 BC-805 BC.
Salmanasal IV 783-773 BC
Assyria-Dan III 773 BC-755 BC
755 BC-745 BC Assyrian Nyirage V.
Tigray Parashar III 745 BC-727 BC
Salmanasal V 727-722 BC
722 BC-705 BC Sargon II
Sinatra 705 BC-68 BC1year.
6865438 BC+0 BC-668 BC in Ashadong.
Between 668 BC and 6365438 BC+0 BC and 627 BC.
Assyria-Ethel-errani around 63 1-627 BC.
In 626 BC, Xin-Shum-Lihir
Sinsharishkun was in about 626 BC-6 BC12 years.
6 12 years ago, Nineveh, the capital of Assyria, was captured by the joint forces of Medea and New Babylon. An Assyrian general ruled in Harlan for several years in the name of Assyria with the support of Egypt.
Assyrian Upari II BC 6 12 ~ about 609 BC.
In the history of Assyrian expansion, four monarchs were the most famous and made the most outstanding contributions:
Tigra Pileser reigned from 745 BC to 727 BC. During his reign, he defeated Uratu, the sworn enemy of Assyria, conquered the whole Syrian region and annexed Babylon. His expansion established Assyrian hegemony in West Asia, so he was actually the real founder of Assyrian Empire. On a stone tablet, it is recorded in his tone: I led a warrior and went on an expedition to Gunk. Trapped in the city, there are countless treasures. Anyone who dares to resist, I will burn their city to ashes.
Sargon II reigned from 722 BC to 705 BC. It turned out that Sargon II was a junior officer and was promoted because of his outstanding exploits. He used his rapidly rising power to usurp the throne and was later called Napoleon of Assyria. During his reign, he defeated Israel and Egypt and suppressed the uprisings in Syria and Phoenicia supported by Egypt. Sargon II brought the Assyrian Empire into its heyday, and he was also famous for being good at governing the country.
Sinna Hrib reigned from 704 BC to 68 BC1year. Sinna Hrib, the eldest son of Sargon II, tried to expand my father's achievements when he was in office. According to historical records, his brilliant achievements include 89 towns and 820 villages, capturing 7,200 horses, donkeys11000, 80,000 cows, 800,000 sheep and 208,000 prisoners. Besides, he hates or may be jealous of the prosperity and luxury of Babylon. After the invasion of Babylon, in a rage, he razed all the cities in Babylon and burned them to ashes. This catastrophe also nailed Sinatra Hrib to the historical shame forever.
Hisard Hadong reigned from 680 BC to 669 BC, and in 67 1 BC, he went on an expedition to Egypt, captured Memphis, and accepted the titles of King of Upper and Lower Egypt and King of Ethiopia. During his reign, an Assyrian empire was established, which spanned West Asia and North Africa and covered almost the whole civilized world. After him, the Assyrian Empire flourished and declined.
In 6 12 BC, the newly rising new kingdom of Babylon and the Medes of Yilan Plateau jointly captured Nineveh, the capital of Assyria. In 605 BC, the Assyrian Empire, which once dominated the history of Mesopotamia, perished, and its heritage was divided between the new Babylonian Kingdom and the Medea Kingdom. This time is only 50 years from the heyday of Assyria.
[Edit this paragraph] History
Ancient Assyrian period (about 2500 BC ~ 65438 BC+0500 BC)
Also known as ashur city-state period. The residents of ashur city-state were originally Hulites of Indo-European language family, and later Akkadians of Sem language family entered here, and they gradually merged with the original residents to form Assyrians. Its language is Assyrian dialect of Akkadian, and its characters are cuneiform. Assyria was ruled by Akkadian kingdom and the third Ur dynasty (see Ur) when it was powerful. Independence was achieved in 2006 BC. The highest institution of ancient Assyria was the meeting of aristocratic elders in ashur city-states. Civil servants have an annual official in Limu (that is, the year in which they serve in their own name), who is responsible for managing the financial economy and is elected by lot. Land is owned by the commune, regularly allocated to large families, and rarely bought or sold. With fewer slaves, the main workers in society are freemen who undertake commune obligations. Intermediary trade is of great significance, and some nobles and businessmen get rich by engaging in business and usury activities. About 2000 BC ~ BC 1000 BC, slave real estate gradually formed. Foreign aggression strengthened Ishaku's position. At the beginning of the 7th century BC/KLOC-0, Shamshi-Adade I occupied a vast area from northern Akkad to the Mediterranean, claiming to be the king of the world. After his death, Assyria became a vassal of Babylonia and Mitanni.
Middle Assyria (BC 1400 ~ BC 1078)
In the middle of the 4th century BC/kloc-0, King Barit I of Assyria (BC 1365 ~ BC 1330) defeated Mitanni and established a powerful Assyrian empire, which was called the ancient Assyrian empire in history. Since then, the Assyrian ruler has adopted the title of King of Assyria, and has continued to expand outward, defeating Cassit Babylon and reducing the territory of Mitanni to a province. Ninurta I (BC 1294 ~ BC 1208) defeated the Hittite Empire and Babylon, occupied the whole two river basins, and moved the capital from ashur to the town of Tukurti-Ninurta. Since then, there have been several capitals in Assyria, but ashur is still the religious center of the empire and plays an important role in political life. During the Middle Assyrian period, the political system has been transformed into an absolute monarchy, centralization has been strengthened, and the meeting of senior officials and elders is only formal, and officials who belong to the king have been produced. The national standing army has always existed, and its source is mainly freemen. The ruling class of society is the class of big landlords, businessmen, usurers and big slave owners. In addition to prisoners of war and slaves bought from other places, the slave class also has debt slaves. After a short decline, Assyria was revived by Tigray Paradza I (about115 ~ about 1077 BC). At the end of 1 1 BC, it declined again under the impact of the alami migration wave.
New Assyrian period (935 ~ 6 BC12 years)
New Assyrian Empire. In 10 century BC, Assyria entered the Iron Age. The use of iron and the improvement of productivity provided sufficient troops and materials for its long-term foreign war. At the beginning of the campaign, it was aimed at plunder and characterized by extreme cruelty. Since Assyria Nasiba II (reigned from 883 to 859), Assyria has been strongly resisted by the people in the conquered areas. The war with the kingdom of Uraltu also suffered repeated failures, and many conquered areas regained their independence. Since Sharma Nasser III (858-824), Assyria has entered a crisis period due to economic decline, failure of foreign wars and infighting of the ruling class. In 746 BC, the military general Tigra Palaza ascended the throne and carried out a series of reforms to consolidate centralization, improve the combat effectiveness of the army and strengthen the rule and exploitation of the conquered areas. After the reform, large-scale expansion resumed. Defeat Uratu, occupy Syria and enter its heyday. From the central government to the local government, a huge bureaucratic system has been established. After the conquest of Sargon II, Sinatra Herib (704 ~ 68 1) and Hisar Hadong (680 ~ 669), Assyria has become a slave empire spanning Asia and Africa. Ashabani fought a long war with the Elam-Babylonian Alliance. At the end of its reign, there was a civil war, nomadic tribes invaded, conquered areas became independent one after another, and the empire quickly went to extinction. Under the attack of Medea and the new kingdom of Babylon, ashur and Nineveh successively fell, and the Assyrian Empire perished in 6 12 BC, and its land was divided between Medea and Babylon.