1. There are many ways to distribute goods, and none of them can be used universally. Such as market, queuing, product quality, or lottery, must be treated differently.
The core of this problem is how to evaluate a project correctly. For example, Congress is a tool to achieve public good, free drama is equivalent to city celebrations and gifts to citizens, the wonders of the country are beautiful to appreciate, the singing part is the carnival and gathering of singers and fans, and the Pope's speech is a sacred ceremony and should not be regarded as a commodity.
3. The reason of market faction is often utilitarianism and maximization of social welfare. But a person's bid for an item can't reflect his desire, because it is also related to his purchasing power. On the contrary, sometimes the willingness to queue can better reflect a person's desire for something.
Incentive measure
1. Since no one mentioned incentive measures before 1960s, incentive measures have become one of the most important concepts in the field of economics, because economics is constantly expanding its field.
2. Economics can't keep moral neutrality without involving moral judgment. In many fields where its tentacles extend, it must judge whether the non-market norms it may exclude are important or not, and whether the preferences it wants to satisfy are morally superior or inferior. Because the market must conduct ethical transactions.
3. Incentive areas involved in incentive measures: rewarding drug addicts for birth control, rewarding outstanding students (bribing students), and rewarding the health field.
We must judge whether the market has taken incentives in these areas, whether anything has been corroded, and whether it has caused any unfairness.
4. Penalty areas involved in the incentive measures: speeding fine, super-birth fine, subway fare evasion fine, video store fine and nursery fine.
In the face of fines, it is necessary to distinguish between fines and appropriate expenses.
5. Turn some things into tradable warrants: birth permits, carbon emission permits, hunting permits for endangered species (black rhinoceros, walrus), immigration rights, and asylum seekers' transfer rights.
How does the market crowd out non-market norms
1. Two principles of the market: First, introducing market mechanism into an article will not infringe or affect the value of the article, so this behavior will only increase the welfare of society; Second, economists generally have a view of the virtues of saving love, that is, altruism, civic spirit, friendliness, love and other virtues are consumables. We should promote the market mechanism more and let virtue be used where the market can't play its role.
2. Two reasons for opposing the market mechanism: one is about fairness, and behind fairness is an ideal of consent. We need to explore under what social conditions people can make free choices in the market. The second one is about corrosion. Market intervention in an article will erode its meaning or value.
3. Examples of market norms crowding out non-market norms: the lateness of nurseries, the charitable fund-raising behavior of high school students, the voting of piling up nuclear waste in small towns, and the logic of donating blood without compensation.
4. It is wrong to assume that motivation is an additive factor (can it be integrated into the framework of knowing fish? )
5. Things that money can't buy: Nobel Prize (honor), friends (friendship).
Money can buy things that will damage its value: hire someone to apologize, send a wedding banquet, and give money, kidneys and children directly without giving gifts.
6. Reasons for worrying that the market will crowd out social norms: First, as an incentive measure, social norms can not be achieved with money or at a great price, which is a loss to the overall welfare of society. Second, this exclusion will erode valuable social norms.
Life and death market
1. The difference between insurance vs investment vs gambling. Judging from the history of life insurance, the boundaries are not so clear.
2. Insurable interest is an important factor to distinguish between insurance and investment in life insurance. Buying, selling and transferring will destroy insurable interest, but the judge thinks that this reason is not enough to offset the characteristics that people regard life insurance as ordinary property (negotiable buying and selling).
3. Some people think that the market's ability to predict the future and collect information is superior to the existing intelligence mechanism (it can get rid of the pressure from the top). Simply put, money is the smartest thing. But this sentence applies. For example, when predicting terrorist attacks, some people do not think that the public market is superior to the expert market.
4. Sometimes (under extreme conditions), people will be willing to pay the moral price to realize some public interests or promote some valuable goals. (For example, sacrificing part of privacy to prevent terrorist attacks) But this point must be carefully considered, and it is not easy to draw a conclusion, and we should remain disgusted with this kind of behavior.
Life insurance has two sides from the beginning, which is not only a risk sharing for safety, but also a ruthless bet to hedge against death. Lack of restraint will make the gambler swallow the good one.
6. Examples: ordinary employee insurance, life insurance policy discount, death gambling, life insurance policy changing hands (encouraging the elderly to buy policies and sell them immediately), and death bonds.
7. The moral basis of opposing the death market: the sanctity and incommensurability of life.
Naming right
1. Baseball souvenirs (autographs, personal belongings), the name of the baseball field and the language used to describe the game on the radio have all become marketable goods.
2. Professional sports is also two-sided, which is both the source of citizenship and a kind of business. When the commercial side is strengthened (such as the sale of classic venue names), the publicity side of the competition is weakened, and the civic awareness that can be stimulated is also weakened.
3. The boxed stadium greatly weakens the democracy of mass sports (the rich and the poor cheer side by side)
The rise of souvenir market, naming right and skyscraper luxury box shows that our society is driven by the market.
5.moneyball's belief (econometric analysis and effective price mechanism) will not be applauded. It only makes the baseball game more effective in the economic sense, but it does not make baseball better, but damages the quality of baseball.
6. Pervasive advertisements: novel implants, house walls, body tattoos, brain spoons, eggshells, apple noodles, and even parents have the right to name their children.
7. The problem with commercialism is that it devalues certain attitudes, practices and things. In order to determine where advertising is appropriate, we should demonstrate the meaning of property rights, fairness, social customs and the articles involved.
8. Municipal Marketing: Police cars (judicial), prisons, schools and parks have been occupied by corporate sponsorship and advertising. They violate the meaning of public services in different ways.
9. The expansion of inequality reflects the boxization of American life, which is not only detrimental to democracy, but also not a satisfactory way of life.
Note: From the Internet, for reference only.