1. The influence of natural geographical environment and city-state system on Greek democracy.
(1) The unique natural geographical environment of ancient Greece led to the development of its overseas trade and industry and commerce, which was the economic basis for the emergence of democratic politics;
(2) Colonial activities, overseas trade and frequent economic and cultural exchanges formed a relaxed and free social environment and the concept of equality and mutual benefit in ancient Greece, which was the social condition for the emergence of democratic politics;
(3) The city-state system with small countries and few people and the characteristics of the city-state make citizens have more opportunities to directly participate in political affairs, and the autocratic monarchy has never developed, which is the political condition for the emergence of democratic politics;
(4) Citizens of the polis generally have high quality, and actively participating in the political affairs of the polis is the humanistic condition for implementing democratic politics.
2. The main contents of Athenian democracy in Pericles' era.
(1) Official posts at all levels are open to all citizens except the ten generals, and they are selected by lottery.
(2) The citizens' assembly, the 500-member assembly and the people's jury court, the main institutions of democratic politics, have the most full rights. The citizens' assembly became the de facto highest authority in the country. Every citizen has the right to speak and vote at the meeting. Every member of the 500-member parliament has the opportunity to serve as the rotating chairman of the citizens' assembly and take charge of the highest power of the country.
(3) In order to ensure that all citizens, especially low-level citizens, can actively and timely participate in the political affairs of the country, the state pays salaries and allowances to citizens who hold public office and participate in the political activities of the city-state.
The reason why the democratic politics in Pericles era developed into the "golden age" is that citizens have basically enjoyed the same full democratic rights, and there is no property restriction, and the breadth and depth of their democracy is indeed unique in that era.
3. The significance of Athenian democracy.
(1) restriction
From the perspective of democracy, slaves, women and foreigners do not enjoy democratic rights. After all, it is a few upper-class male citizens who can really enjoy democracy. Therefore, in essence, Athenian democracy was only a means for the ancient slave-owner class to exercise its rule.
As far as democracy is concerned, it is a relatively primitive direct democracy, which is only applicable to small city-states with few people.
As far as the way to realize it is concerned, drawing lots to participate in politics by turns means that people with different educational levels enjoy the same state management power, which is easy to lead to the abuse and misuse of state power. The subsequent decline of Athens was also closely related to the chaos and internal friction caused by this democratic politics.
(2) gradual progress
Athens democratic politics attaches importance to and emphasizes citizens' human rights, freedom and sense of responsibility, attaches importance to cultural education, and fully mobilizes citizens' enthusiasm and creativity, thus creating brilliant Greek science and culture for mankind.
The principle that all people are equal before the law and national sovereignty belongs to the people established by Athens is of creative value, which initiated western democratic politics and established a relatively sound democratic system in the ancient world where autocracy prevailed. Hui Ze's descendants made great contributions in the future.
4. The concept and development of Roman law.
Roman law refers not to a specific law, but to all the laws formulated and implemented in ancient Rome from the 6th century BC to the 7th century AD, which is a legal system. Formally speaking, it includes customary law and written law; From the content, it includes civil law, civil law and natural law.