Agricultural commune
Agricultural commune is a rural community organization formed on the basis of agricultural economy. All over the world. In Latin America, the Incas later called the Aleyo Commune, the Koro Commune in Melanesia in Oceania, the Marco Commune in Germany, the Mir Commune in Russia, the Goromo Commune in India, and the early communes in the Han area of China all belong to primitive agricultural communes.
The Wa nationality in Ximeng county, China, Bulang nationality, Longchuan nationality, Ruili nationality, Jingpo nationality in Yingjiang county, Jinuo nationality in Jinghong county and Barrow nationality in Milin county, Xizang Autonomous Region were all in the development stage of rural communes when the new China was founded. The "Harmony" organization in the late Li nationality in Hainan Island, Guangdong Province (see the harmony system of Li nationality) also belongs to the type of agricultural commune.
The stability of agricultural economy determines that the size of communes can reach hundreds. The cultivated land, wasteland, pasture and mountains and rivers of the commune are collectively owned by the members. There are two forms of cultivated land utilization: ① redistribution every year or every other year; (2) Adjustment of natural occupation (members cultivate in the selected area, and others may not occupy it. After the land is abandoned, it will still be owned by the commune and then occupied by others). The garden, livestock, production tools and houses next to the house belong to the members.
Nomadic commune
Nomadic commune is a commune organization formed under the conditions of nomadic life. It has long existed among nomadic people in Central Asia, such as Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Altai, Tuwa, Hakkas and Buryats. Ayinle of Mongolia, Haur and Kirgiz of Kazak, which are distributed in the north and northwest of China, are all voluntary commune organizations formed by people who are not related by blood (or close relatives). The original consanguineous organization between the Tibetans in Sichuan Province and the northwest of China has disintegrated, forming a regional nomadic commune. Most pastures are publicly owned, and some of them are occupied by local officials, herders and temples.
Under the feudal system of Kazak nationality, when Haoer Commune was established, People's Republic of China (PRC) was always regarded as the basic unit of its nomadic society. Every Haour has a leader, mostly an elder, who is responsible for managing the daily production and life of the commune. Haour was named after its leader. Kazakhs occupy a large area of pasture according to their tribes, and all the Haur people belonging to this tribe can use it freely.
Since modern times, the polarization between the rich and the poor in communes has been very wide, and rich herders have occupied the labor of poor herders in the form of herding in groups. Nemore commune of Ewenki nationality in Hulunbeier pastoral area also belongs to the type of regional commune. Nemore is Ewenki language, which means "neighbor". It is a nomadic group composed of five, six or more herders who graze together. The pasture is public and grazing is free. Livestock and tents are private. In the name of "mutual assistance and cooperation", the rich occupy the surplus labor of poor herders.
Haour 'er, Nemer and other commune organizations are no longer organizations in the transition from primitive society to class society, but become commune organizations attached to the second form under the feudal system.
Youlie commune
The safari commune is a commune organization formed under the conditions of safari life. Wulileng Commune, where Oroqen mainly hunted before the founding of the People's Republic of China, belongs to this type. Wulileng originated from the word "Wuliertuo" in the Oroqen language, which means future generations. Wulileng of Oroqen nationality was originally a patriarchal family commune organization. /kloc-since the 0/7th century, with the improvement of productivity, Wuliling has developed from a patriarchal family commune to a regional commune. Can adapt to the swimming production lifestyle, the commune is very small. In the 1920s, there were 309 Oroqen residents in Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Huma County, Aihui County and Xunke County, belonging to more than 40 Wulileng, with an average of about 7 households in each Wulileng. Wulileng is composed of members of more than two clans, and the hunting ground is public. Because the hunting area is vast, the population is small and the mobility is large, there is no geographical boundary between tribes or clans, only the hunting area that they are used to. Guns, horses and hounds are all privately owned. Collective hunting and individual hunting coexist in the commune, and the average distribution of prey and individual possession coexist. The polarization between the rich and the poor of hunters is mainly manifested in the number of horses. Those who are short of horses should pay a certain percentage of the catch as a reward by borrowing others. Exploitative relations have emerged within the commune.
Medium-sized commune
Formed from primitive commune, it is a rural commune organization attached to class society. It is widely distributed all over the world and has existed for a long time. Typical examples, such as the German Kyle Commune continued until the Middle Ages, and the Russian Mill Commune remained until the eve of the October Revolution. The Goromo commune in India has long been combined with the caste system. The village organization based on the well field system in ancient China continued until the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
There are essential differences between secondary commune and primary commune. In the second form of commune, a considerable area of land is enclosed as a Lord's field. Although the rest of the land still exists in the form of village public land, its ownership has been usurped by feudal lords. If members want to cultivate the "land" of the commune, they must fulfill various feudal obligations.
The rural commune of the Dai nationality in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province was attached to the feudal serfdom, and remained in a complete form until the democratic reform after the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC). The commune is led by the village father (Boman), composed of the village mother (Yuman) and the elder (Tao Ge), and presides over the daily affairs of the commune. It consists of Han Kun, who manages the army, Bo Ban, who manages the literature, Ban Men, who manages the water conservancy, Bo Mo, who manages the country, and Bo Zhan, who manages the Buddhist temple. The commune also has full-time goldsmiths, silversmiths, carpenters, hunters, butchers, winemakers and singers. Form a self-sufficient natural economic society. The land of the commune is divided into two parts: the landlord part and the farmer part. Before the democratic reform, feudal lords in Xishuangbanna Dai area accounted for 14% of the total cultivated land. In the peasant areas, Zhaigong cultivated land accounts for 58% of the total cultivated land, family cultivated land accounts for 19%, and the remaining 9% of the land is privately owned by members. Zhai Gongtian redistributes regularly by drawing lots or lots. Commune members call themselves "Lunong", which means junior or servant, losing their identity as freemen and becoming serfs attached to feudal lords. The head of the commune was named as a grass-roots administrative official such as "Pa" and "Fei" by the chieftain, and was granted a salary and enjoyed various privileges, becoming the most direct ruler of the peasants in the commune.
Jiugongge system
Well field system is an ancient village organization in China, which lasted until the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It is the concrete form of China rural commune or Marquez discussed by Marx and Engels.
There have been many differences in academic circles about the existence and nature of the well-field system. One opinion is to affirm the existence of well-field system. It is considered that the system of dividing cultivated land into public land and private land in the Western Zhou Dynasty is a traditional well-field system. Guo Moruo also affirmed the existence of the well field system. If we acknowledge the existence of the mining field and the characteristics of the rural commune in the mining field or some characteristics of the rural commune, we can gradually become * * * knowledge. Some scholars directly think that the well-field system is a rural commune. Most scholars believe that there were rural communes in ancient China, which only existed at the end of primitive society. In the Xia Dynasty, all the members of the rural commune became slaves. However, there are different opinions on whether the well-field system is a rural commune, and it is opposed to confusing the well-field system of Shang and Zhou dynasties or rural communes with cities, offices, villages, cooperatives and bookstores. It is believed that the well-field system is the primitive production system, the land ownership of slave countries, the feudal land ownership, the land ownership of rural communes and so on. Other scholars deny the existence of the well-field system: they think that the land boundaries of the Western Zhou lords are criss-crossed, but there is no division of 900 mu per well.