The main schools of China's philosophy

The ancient school of philosophy-the philosophy of Yin and Yang School was a popular school from the end of the Warring States Period to the beginning of the Han Dynasty. Zou Yan, a representative of Qi State, said in Historical Records that "the information of Yin and Yang is deeply observed and made strange changes." Lu Chunqiu was directly influenced by Zou Yan's theory. Generally speaking, Zou Yan's thought of Yin-Yang family is characterized by combining the numerology thought since ancient times with the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, and trying to further develop it in order to construct a cosmic schema to explain the causes of natural phenomena. Yin and Yang are the ancient people's abstractions of the two complementary opposites of the universe, and also the philosophical category of the unity of opposites and the law of thinking in the universe. China and Tessa created the word "Yin and Yang" to express the unity of opposites of all things. The Book of Changes is a mathematical theory and philosophy about the changes of Yin and Yang. Its basic idea is that everything in the universe is born of the interaction of yin and yang, and everything in the universe is the unity of opposites of yin and yang. The theory of yin and yang is based on the theory of qi, and it is further believed that heaven and earth are based on the theory of qi. In this way, two relative concepts "Yin" and "Yang" are abstracted. Yin and Yang are abstract concepts rather than concrete things, so "Yin and Yang are famous and invisible" (the soul pivot Yin and Yang is the sun and the moon). Yin represents the characteristics of negativity, retreat and weakness and the things and phenomena with these characteristics, while Yang represents the characteristics of being positive, enterprising and strong and the things and phenomena with these characteristics. Yin-yang theory "transformation" is enclosed in eight characters. "Five elements: water, fire, wood, gold and earth." The ancients believed that everything in the universe was composed of these five basic substances. It is also a category system about the social attributes of the universe and its changing laws. The word "row" in the five elements means "run", so the five elements contain one. That is, "mutual growth" and "mutual containment". The theory of five elements refers to five abstract generalizations of different attributes, not five concrete substances. It takes the correspondence between man and nature as the guiding ideology, takes five behavior centers, takes five aspects of spatial structure, five seasons of time structure and five five internal organs of human body structure as the basic framework, and summarizes all kinds of things in nature according to their attributes. Belonging to wood with hair growth and softness. Those with the characteristics of yang heat and inflammation belong to fire; Those with long-term cultivation and development characteristics belong to soil; Those who have the characteristics of quietness and killing belong to gold; What is cold, moist and quiet belongs to water. They link human life activities with natural phenomena, forming a five-element structure system that links the internal and external environment of the human body to illustrate the unity of the human body, people and the natural environment. Hegel belongs to German classical philosophy and is the representative of objective idealism. Schopenhauer belongs to the pioneer of voluntarism. So did Nietzsche. Heraclitus' Ives School Heraclitus (about 540-480 BC) is the founder of Ives School and a great representative of philosophy. Lenin called him "one of the founders of dialectics". Heraclitus is a philosopher who is difficult to study, and even called an "obscure man" by his contemporaries. He declared that everything was made of fire. Back to fire, he thought everything was "constantly changing like the burning and extinguishing of fire". Everything flows, and everything does not stay. His most famous motto is "One can never step into the same river twice". However, Heraclitus also believes that although change is the only constancy of everything, it is not capricious, but legal. He called this law "logos". He believes that the wisdom of human beings is connected with the law of world change, and only a wise person can know "logos" and tell the truth. Therefore, his philosophy is the beginning of ancient Greek philosophical epistemology. Heraclitus also believes that the human body is soil, while the human soul is pure fire and the most enthusiastic part of the human body. People's souls fall asleep or lose consciousness when they are wet, and people die when they are wet all over. On the contrary, the driest soul is the cleverest. Feuerbach Feuerbach materialism, classical criminal school Feuerbach (1804 ~ 1872), the last great representative of German classical philosophy, is a materialist philosopher. He was born in a family of law professors in West Hut. 1828 graduated from Berlin University and once taught at He Run University. He lives in seclusion in the country and is engaged in philosophical research. His major works include Criticism of Hegel's Philosophy, Essence of Christianity, First Draft of Outline of Philosophical Reform, Principles of Future Philosophy, etc. In his works, he sharply criticized Hegel's idealism system and restored the authority of materialism. He believes that matter is primary, thought is secondary, nature exists objectively, and human thinking and consciousness exist objectively. He opposed the monarchy and advocated the establishment of democracy and harmony. 1870 Join the German Social Democratic Party. I read Marx's Das Kapital in my later years, but Feuerbach was idealistic in social history. While criticizing Hegel's idealism system, he abandoned Hegel's dialectics. Therefore, they never got rid of the defects of mechanical materialism. Marx and Engels critically absorbed the "basic core" of Feuerbach's materialism. Develop into a scientific dialectical materialist theory. There is also the classical criminal school represented by Feuerbach. Hegel's georg wilhelm friedrich hegel (1770- 183 1) Hegel's lectures in his later years attracted many students. The Hegelian school gradually formed. Hegel was born in August of 180 1, Germany. At the age of 30, Hegel taught at the University of Jena. Until 1829 became the president of Berlin University, his philosophy was finally defined as King James Doctrine of Prussia. So it is no exaggeration to say that he is a late bloomer. Hegel regards absolute spirit as the source of the world. Absolute spirit is not something beyond the world. Nature, human society and human spiritual phenomena are all manifestations of it in different stages of development. Therefore, the process of replacement, development and immortality of things is the absolute spirit itself. The task and purpose of Hegel's philosophy is to show the absolute spirit reflected by nature, society and thinking. Revealing its development process and its regularity is actually based on idealism, exploring the dialectical relationship between thinking and existence and revealing their dialectical identity. Around this basic proposition, Hegel established an amazing system of objective idealism. This paper mainly talks about three stages of absolute spiritual self-development: logic, natural philosophy and spiritual philosophy. Hegel always carried out this dialectical principle when discussing the development of every concept, thing and the whole system. This is one of the most amazing bold ideas in the history of human thought. His works epitomize German classical philosophy and create a complete objective idealistic philosophy system. He believes that "absolute concept" is the source of the universe. The foundation of all things. The movement and change of the world is the result of the self-development of the "absolute concept". He thinks that his philosophy is the highest expression of "absolute concept" and the Kingdom of Prussia is the best national system to embody "absolute concept". Therefore, Hegel's philosophy defended Prussian autocracy, but in his idealistic philosophy system, he put forward valuable dialectical thought. It is believed that the whole natural, historical and spiritual world is a process, which is constantly moving, changing and developing, and its internal contradictions are the source of development. Marx and Engels critically inherited the rational core of Hegel's dialectics and founded materialist dialectics. Engels later gave a high evaluation: "Modern German philosophy reached its peak in Hegel's system. In this system-this is his great achievement-Hegel described the whole natural, historical and spiritual world as being in constant movement, change, transformation and development for the first time, and tried to reveal the internal relationship between this movement and development." Hegel wrote a lot in his life. Representative works include Phenomenology of Spirit, Logic, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Principles of Philosophy of Right, Lectures on the History of Philosophy, Historical Philosophy and Aesthetics, etc. Plato Plato (P 1ato, 427-347 BC) was born in an aristocratic family in Athens and received a good education since childhood. When he was young, he studied philosophy with the Greek philosopher Socrates and was influenced by logical thought. Later, he became a great philosopher who attracted worldwide attention in Athens. Plato absorbed many mathematical ideas of Pythagoras school and applied them to his own theory. So Plato's philosophy improved his interest in mathematical science. He fully realized the important role of mathematics in studying philosophy and the universe, and actively encouraged his friends. Students study and study mathematics. Plato established his own school and college in Athens. It is said that at the gate of his academy, "those who don't know geometry are not allowed to enter." Plato school attaches importance to the rigor of mathematics. In teaching, we insist on accurately defining mathematical concepts, emphasize clearly expounding logical proofs, and systematically apply analytical methods and reasoning methods. For example, in reasoning, the unknown is assumed to be known, and then based on this assumption. The conclusion that there should be a relationship between the known quantity and the unknown quantity, in the final analysis, is to find the unknown quantity. Plato school applied this method to making geometric figures. Plato school holds that the task of science is to discover the structure of nature, and it is the first time that strict reasoning rules should be systematized, thus leading mathematics to a new stage. Under the influence of Plato's thought, some mathematicians who contributed to the development of mathematics appeared in the school. For example, eudoxus, a former student of Plato, creatively ruled out the Pythagorean school's arithmetic method which can only be applied to reducibility, and established the proportional theory by axiomatic method. Most of the content in the fifth volume of Euclid's How to Be Original is the result of eudoxus's work. Another student of Plato is Aristotle, who is called the founder of formal logic. His thoughts have influenced the west for thousands of years, and he also attaches great importance to the study and research of mathematics. His definitions of point, line and surface are widely circulated. He also proved many mathematical problems with deductive logic. Socrates Socrates (470-399 BC) is not only a famous philosopher in ancient Greece, but also a historical celebrity with distinctive personality and different reputations from ancient times to the present. Socrates' theory is mysterious. He believes that the existence, development and destruction of all things in the world are arranged by God, who is the master of the world. He opposed the study of nature as blasphemy. He advocates that people know how to be human and live a moral life. His philosophy mainly studies and discusses ethical issues. Socrates advocated the theory of expert governance. He believes that all walks of life and even state power should be managed by trained and knowledgeable people. He said: managers are not those who hold heavy power and bully the weak, not those who are elected by the people, but those who know how to manage. For example, ships should be driven by people who are familiar with sailing; When spinning wool, women should take care of men, because men are good at it and men don't understand it. He also said that the best people are those who can do their jobs well. A good farmer is one who is good at farming. A good doctor is proficient in medical skills; People who are proficient in politics are excellent politicians.