Two-part allegorical saying about this word:
Calling a bandit a father-recognizing a thief as a father
Robbers ride mad dogs, while villains ride fierce horses.
In people's minds, bandits are a mob. They make a living by robbery and extortion, lack political foresight and are destroyers of law and order. They are bohemian, do whatever they want, and don't want to be bound by anything, and so on. But in fact, any kind of organization in human society must abide by certain rules and be bound, and it is impossible to be absolutely free and unconstrained. Bandit organizations are indeed the most dissolute, loose and unwilling to be bound among all kinds of organizations in human society. However, this means that they are not bound by the laws, morals and other public rules of normal society. Generally speaking, most bandits are bound internally, and some bandits are quite strict in discipline. ?
The regulations of bandits in modern China include rewards and punishments for bandits, bandits entering and bandits leaving ceremonies, etc. The discipline of bandits in different regions is different, but some bandits generally follow it. The punishment for violating discipline is severe. Hobsbawm, a British scholar, defined "social bandits" ("just bandits" mentioned above), paying special attention to the enforcement of discipline.
One? Agreed provisions
1 subject
According to the investigation of Josiah, an expert on bandits, the discipline that most bandits are required to observe is:
Now describe four contracts, eight rewards and eight cuts respectively.
The so-called "four conventions" refer to:
(1) keeping secrets;
2 observe discipline;
③ Adversity and * * *;
(4) and mountain * * * Hugh.
"Eight Award Rules" include:
(1) those who are loyal to the mountain will be rewarded;
(2) Those who refuse enemy soldiers are rewarded;
(3) those who get the most horses will be rewarded;
(4) those who expand the mountain will be rewarded;
(5) Those who spy on the enemy are rewarded;
6. The person who leads the most people will be rewarded;
⑦ Those who strive for the first place will be rewarded;
Today, people who work together will be rewarded.
"Eight pieces" means:
(1) reveal the secret;
(2) Those who refuse to obey orders will be beheaded;
(3) Those who run away from the battle will be beheaded;
4 adultery spies beheaded;
(5) Line cutting and water diversion;
6. Those who engulf the water head will be beheaded;
7 bullying people of the same kind;
Today, those who molest women will be beheaded.
According to experts, the "Four Covenants" organized by bandits originated from secret societies, and later bandits made vows to help each other. For example, during the reign of Daoguang Xianfeng, the secret association Heaven and Earth Society began to popularize Hong Men's Thirty-six Oaths. There are many similarities between the Bandits' Four Covenants and Hong Men's Thirty-six Oaths. It is obvious that the bandit organization absorbed some internal norms of the Heaven and Earth Society.
Bandits and secret societies are both lower-level organizations, and some of their activities are consistent. Besides, bandits have various relationships with secret societies. They are similar in restraining and coordinating the pace of members' actions, effectively confronting and avoiding government pursuit, and ensuring their own survival and development. So it is not surprising that some rules of bandits and secret societies are similar.
Of course, bandits in different places, bandits of various natures and types, have different emphasis, details and severity of discipline. Some bandits have relatively simple discipline, such as Wang Tianzong, a bandit from Henan, who stipulated three prohibitions: first, it is forbidden to rape women; (2) it is forbidden to rob in protected areas and within a fair range; 3. It is forbidden to misappropriate public property (that is, any grain, wealth and material income handled by subordinates must be turned over to the state in full) (Zhang Fang: Wang Tianzong, a hero of Zhongzhou). Bandits are rampant in the plains, but the discipline of bandits is relatively simple, that is, "don't resist arrest", "don't pick flowers" (rape), "don't betray the Jianghu" and "don't drink water" (bandits embezzle money and call it drinking water). This discipline is very strict. Every time they come back from robbery, they have to wash their bodies-search their wallets to prevent entrainment. Those who take money out in advance don't go out with the bandit leader first.
Qu Bojie, a giant bandit, has been a bandit for 20 years, but the discipline for his bandit team is quite simple, that is: ① Don't offend people who have no money; (2) women cannot be raped; ③ Don't lead other people's cattle. (Qu Boping: Documentary of Qu Bojie, a Bandit in Xiangxi)
However, in some areas, the discipline of bandits is more detailed and meticulous, which is the most typical in Northeast China. The disciplines generally followed in Northeast China are "Don't grab", "Don't push horizontally" and "Rabbits don't eat grass beside their nests".
The so-called "ten don't grab" refers to:
First, like a car and lose it, don't rob it. Bandits don't grab happy cars and lose them, mainly for good luck.
Second, the postman doesn't rob. As the saying goes: "poor education, bitter postman." The postman doesn't have much money and it's not worth robbing.
Third, don't rob the ferry. Bandits wander around and often ask the boatman for help when crossing the river.
Fourth, backpack practitioners don't grab it. Bandits are inevitably injured when they are fighting, so they need the treatment of doctors.
Fifth, those who play money and gamble don't rob. It is said that bandits and gamblers are all family members and do not rob.
Sixth, those who choose stereotyped writing do not rob. There are two kinds of people who pick stereotyped writing rope: one is a shovel, the other is a seller of pear, sugar and melon seeds, and the other is a seller of wine and oil. They are all small businesses. It's not worth robbing them Sometimes we can get some information from them.
Seventh, the car shop does not rob. Winter is coming, and the wind is biting. Bandits who often live in the wild have nowhere to hide, so they often rush to the garage to live, eat and drink, and don't rob the garage.
Eight is that monks, Taoist priests and nuns do not rob.
Nine is widowed and lonely.
Ten is single, Nightcrawler doesn't rob.
"No lateral push and vertical pressure" has two meanings:
"Horizontal push" refers to doing things out of common sense and not close to human feelings. "Vertical pressure" refers to the abuse of women by coercive means. Bandits who have such things are called "bad habits" and should be severely punished.
"Rabbits don't eat grass beside their nests", which is easy to understand, that is, they don't disturb the surrounding villagers. Who has a wedding in the village, as long as they know each other, they often attend, especially those who have saved their lives and been grateful.
Step 2 punish
Those who violate bandit discipline are often severely punished by means of "burying alive", "carrying hair on their backs", "hanging armor", "wearing flowers" and "looking up to heaven".
The so-called "burying alive" means burying the living in a pit, which is applicable to both yourself and the arrested person.
The so-called "back hair" means strangling with a rope. The prisoner put a small string around the prisoner's neck, and then put a little force on the back of the neck with a rolling pin until he strangled him.
The punishment of "hanging armor" is generally used in winter. Take off everyone's clothes, tie them to a tree, and then pour cold water on them. The temperature in the northeast is extremely low in winter. In just one night, that person is frozen into a snow-white popsicle.
The punishment of "wearing flower seeds" is generally used in summer and autumn. Strip people naked and tie them to a tree. On the mountains in the northeast, mosquitoes, insects, and blind flies come in groups at dusk, like fog, and paste on this person, sucking his blood dry overnight. Bandits often use this punishment to deal with people who escape after being caught.
Looking up to the sky is the most cruel criminal law. The executioner sharpened one end of a small willow tree (usually the size of a bowl) and inserted it into the prisoner's asshole. Then he was lifted to the sky as soon as he let go, and soon died. Bandits use this method to deal with those who betray and report.
In addition, there are various punishments such as dragging a horse, burning, and cutting with a knife. The most common punishment is to dip the whip in cold water (or use a belt).
The "embossing kiln" (that is, raping women) punishes gangsters very severely, usually by execution. Looking for other women will also be punished.
3, the discipline of the righteous bandits
Among modern bandits, Zhang Baima, a famous horse thief in Northeast China, formulated the most comprehensive and concrete discipline. Zhang Baima was a bandit leader who lived in Beiman at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century. In this place, there is a utopian "country of peace". At the beginning of the 20th century, after the collapse of the Republic, Zhang Baima formulated 13 discipline for his ministries. In this 13 discipline, Zhang Baima made it clear for the first time who can rob and who can't. Attacking single pedestrians, women, the elderly and children will be punished, foreigners will be protected from diplomatic troubles no matter how rich they are, and attacking women will be executed. The specific provisions are as follows:
First, if you meet lonely women or old people and children, you are not allowed to leave (that is, take action), and offenders will be prosecuted.
Second, whenever an official passes through the main area of this mountain, he must go forward bravely, regardless of his honesty and greed; If the people have a little political say, give them half; Those who love ink have no money; Those who indulge in favoritism flow to Siberia.
Third, whenever comrades in the guest room don't know each other, our mountain will issue a Pegasus brand cigarette. If you see someone smoking this kind of cigarette, it will be a sign of our mountain, so you must help each other, and offenders will be punished immediately.
Fourth, all friends who belong to this mountain should value righteousness and love, and don't have to show it on the surface. Those who make trouble will be severely punished.
Fifth, Kanto is adjacent to foreign countries. If foreigners are allowed to have geometric wealth, they must not leave, suppress, secretly protect and avoid unnecessary diplomacy.
Sixth, anyone who wants to enter this mountain (the one with the smallest title among the bandits) must be introduced by more than 20 people in this mountain, and he must devote himself to being a teacher and then learn from him. After completing the formalities, his teacher promised to leave before he could enter the mountain. ?
Seventh, comrades all over the country have been captured by fake media (referring to bandits from other parties). If there is a gap, we should try our best to rescue it, otherwise hell to pay will be punished.
Eighth, if Comrade Benshan divulges secrets, he will be killed without forgiveness.
Ninth, who draws lots to announce that others have been executed, although relatives of the same flesh and blood cannot borrow money; If you back down or indulge in favoritism, you will be killed without forgiveness.
Tenth, anyone who rapes a woman on a business trip, or searches for it privately, or takes it away privately without making it public, will be killed without forgiveness.
Eleventh, anyone who neglects the public and hinders the overall situation will be killed without forgiveness.
Twelfth, a trip to the money, no matter how much, will be 10% off; 20% goes to the public, 10% to the eyeliner, 40% to share, 10% to issue special awards for this contribution, and 10% to pay the families of brothers, sons and nephews who have been killed or injured in this mountain over the years.
Thirteenth, you can do anything in this mountain, and the rest of the doctors, such as astrologers, don't do it, so this kind of business is easy to fail, and the people who value it most can't be officials. If you join the mountain group and become an official, you will be killed without forgiveness.
Judging from the contents of these articles, Zhang Baima belongs to the social bandits who rob the rich and help the poor. Generally speaking, the discipline stipulated by the righteous bandits is mainly to carry out the purpose of robbing the rich and helping the poor, and the enforcement discipline is stricter, which can be illustrated by Zhang Baima's discipline. In addition, the discipline formulated by the righteous bandits in Henan and the red-chip bandits in Qinjiao can also prove this point. The first of the three disciplines laid down by the Blank team is: "Only attack the rich and the old, and be sympathetic to the poor in many ways. If you don't commit crimes in autumn, you will be punished on the spot. " (On Blanc Uprising, No.4 Historical Monthly 1960)
Qin Doufu does not rob the poor. He stipulated that ministries should implement the principle of "five wants and five don't want" when distributing food.
Five ifs: officials, servants in yamen, businessmen, tenants and money lenders. Five don't: poor families don't want it, coolies don't want it, helpers don't want it, disabled people don't want it, and people who take part in the revolution (Xinhai Revolution) don't want it. (Cai Editor: Bandits of the Republic of China, p. 60)
Looking at all kinds of bandit disciplines in various regions, there are three disciplines that bandits mentioned the most and paid the most attention to: first, keeping secrets; Second, rape, indecency and abuse of women are prohibited; Third, rabbits don't eat grass beside their nests.
It is not difficult for people to understand the rule of keeping secrets. Bandits are organizations that fight against orthodox social order, and their looting activities will obviously lead to the suppression of the ruling class. Therefore, most bandit organizations have no fixed activity area, but wander around and plunder everywhere. In the process of activities, in order to avoid the official tracking and attack, bandits keep their activities and behaviors strictly confidential, because once leaked, the consequences will be serious.
In order to keep secrets, bandits often use their own secret words. Bandits' code words are not as complicated as secret meetings. Usually, they are mainly pure local dialects, which can only be understood by local people, plus some special words with bad characteristics of bandits' activities or some superstitious terms related to bandits' daily life. Some people say that every bandit leader has a pamphlet, which records the gang code words. All members must learn to use it, and it usually takes 6-8 months to memorize it.