The democratic system of Athens city-state was formed, and a series of political reforms were carried out, including several major social and political reform movements, which greatly promoted the development of democratic politics.
(1) theseus Reform: In the 8th century BC, theseus unified four tribes on Attica Peninsula and established a unified Athenian state; Give up the monarchy and implement the * * * and regime. The reform in theseus took the first step to destroy the clan system.
(2) delacour Reform: In the 7th century BC (62 1), delacour formulated the first written code of Athens, and the citizens' assembly drew lots to elect government officials, which improved the political status of the civilians.
(3) Solon's Reform: In the 6th century BC (594), Solon carried out reforms and promulgated the Order of Removing Negative Obligations to cancel public and private debts and improve the economic status of small and medium-sized property owners, making them the class foundation of the * * * system; Reform political institutions, expand the power of the citizens' assembly, and set up a permanent body of 400 people to make it the power center of the Athens city-state. Solon's reform completed the transformation of Athens from aristocratic oligarchy to slave-owner democracy, and Solon was the founder of Athens' democratic political system. Solon's great historical achievement in the reform lies in that by abolishing the debt slavery within the citizens' collective and taking corresponding economic, political and social measures, the relationship between different classes within the citizens' collective was adjusted, so that the Athenian citizens, who have been divided by the increasingly fierce polarization between the rich and the poor, changed their development direction and gradually turned to the track of expanding the number of citizens, coordinating the interests of different classes, strengthening internal unity and * * * with the outside. The abolition of debt slavery made a large number of small and medium-sized owners, first of all farmers, get rid of the bad luck of becoming slaves and selling to foreign countries; At the same time, it also made Athens embark on the road of developing slave owners' economy only by exploiting slaves abroad.
(4) Cristini Reform: In 509 BC, the reform in Cristini abolished the tradition of dividing constituencies by consanguineous families and changed to dividing constituencies by regions, thus completely destroying clan organizations and dispersing the power of clan nobles. There are several village communities in each region, which are both autonomous organizations and grass-roots administrative units of the tribe. All freemen have registered their household registration in their village communities, thus enjoying civil rights. So many Athenians have long lost their clan nationality. Change the meeting of 400 people into a meeting of 500 people; Establish a committee composed of ten generals; The implementation of the shell exile law promoted the establishment of slave democracy to a certain extent and maintained the fruits of democracy. Cristini Reform was the decisive victory of Athenian civilians' struggle against aristocrats, which marked the end of Athenian civilians' struggle against clan aristocrats for more than 100 years. First of all, the Christian reform completely eliminated the remnants of the clan system, marking the final formation of the Athenian state. Secondly, Cleisthenes's reform ended the struggle of Athenian civilians against aristocrats for more than a century, pushed the democracy of Athenian slave owners to a peak, and marked the final establishment of Athenian democracy.
Sparta: After the formation of Sparta, the form of rule was the oligarchy of slave owners and nobles, which was militarized and focused on military training. It is famous for its harsh discipline, dictatorship and militarism. In Sparta, the remnants of the clan system are deeply rooted, and the oligarchic dictatorship formed by the combination of powerful national life and clan system is the main feature of the Spartan state system.
State institutions in Sparta are composed of two kings, the Council of Elders, the citizens' assembly and the supervisory committee. There are two kings, inherited by two families. He usually presides over national sacrifices and handles cases involving family law. In wartime, a king went out to lead the troops to fight, which was more powerful. The rally consisted of Spartans over the age of 30. The actual effect is not great. It has no right to discuss the proposals of the Council of Elders, only the right to vote. When voting, it is determined by the level of shouts. If the voice is high, it means it has passed. The members of the Council of Elders and the Ombudsman are elected by the General Assembly, and the election method is also to express opinions to candidates through shouting. The Council of Elders is the highest authority and consists of 30 members. Except for the two kings, the other 28 are nobles over 60 years old. For life, if there is a vacancy, it is still necessary to make a by-election from the nobles over 60 years old. All state affairs are discussed and decided by the Council of Elders before being adopted by the General Assembly. If it cannot be passed, the elders have the right to declare an adjournment. The Council of Elders is also the highest judicial organ, which hears all civil, criminal and state cases. There are five inspectors, who are elected once a year by the citizens' assembly, and all citizens over the age of 30 can be elected. It has the real power to command all political life of the country and become the representative and embodiment of the oligarchy of slave owners and nobles. Instead of the king, they convened and presided over meetings of elders and citizens, accompanied the king to supervise the king's military actions, tried the king's illegal acts, supervised the citizens' lives and suppressed the resistance of Luo people in Riccardo Chailly. At the same time, it is also responsible for recruiting national troops, leading diplomacy and finance, and mastering judicial power.
Sparta practiced militarized education, and the whole society lived a militarized life. The education that children receive from childhood is military training. Spartans advocate the spirit of force, and the whole Spartan society is like a big military camp with strict management. Therefore, it has the strongest army in Greece. With this army, the Spartan nobles suppressed the resistance of heroes at home, invaded and expanded abroad, and formed the Spartan Alliance. Relying on this alliance, Sparta countries often intervened in the internal affairs of Greek States, supported the aristocratic oligarchs of Greek States, and acted as a fortress to safeguard the aristocratic oligarchs.