Summary and arrangement of historical knowledge points of college entrance examination 1
1, the Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system. King Wu gave a certain amount of land and population to the royal family, heroes and nobles of the previous generation, so that they could establish vassal states and defend the royal family. In this way, a strict hierarchical system of "Tian Zi-vassal-Qing Dafu-scholar" was formed.
2. The characteristic and core of the patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty is the eldest son inheritance system. Patriarchal clan system ensures the monopoly and privileged position of nobles in politics, and is also conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group.
3. The formation process of centralization in Qin Dynasty: the establishment of the highest imperial power: the central government implemented a relatively complete central official system: the system of three public officials and nine ministers; The county system is implemented locally.
The first unified feudal dynasty in China-Qin Dynasty; Ying Zheng stipulated that feudal rulers were "emperors" and called themselves "first emperors". Qin Shihuang stipulated that the emperor called me; The emperor system initiated by Qin Shihuang includes: the emperor is exclusive, the throne is hereditary and the imperial power is supreme. The essential feature of China's feudal autocracy is that imperial power is supreme.
4. During the Qin Dynasty, the Prime Minister, Doctor Tai and Qiu were all located in the center. The prime minister helped the emperor to handle the political affairs of the whole country, and the suggestion was responsible for the ministers' memorials, issuing imperial edicts and supervising officials. Qiu is in charge of the military.
In the Tang Dynasty, Zhongshu Province was responsible for decision-making, Xiamen Province was responsible for deliberation, Shangshu Province was responsible for implementation, and the governors of the three provinces were all prime ministers. Shangshu province has six departments, namely, officials, households, rituals, soldiers, criminals and workers, and has established a six-department system in three provinces.
In the early Song Dynasty, there was an administrative organization under Zhongshumen. Later, the government, the Tang envoy and the third secretary were added to divide the executive power, military power and financial power of the prime minister in order to weaken the power of the prime minister. (Zhongshumen and Privy Council are collectively called "Second House")
The Yuan Dynasty was in the central government, with Zhongshu Province as the administrative organ (except Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong, which were directly managed by the central government).
5. Evolution of local political system:
The county system was implemented in the Warring States period and Qin Dynasty, and the county system was parallel in the early Han Dynasty.
In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, in order to strengthen centralization, Song Taizu reverted the relieving to the central government (relieving the relieving with a glass of wine); The central government sent civil servants to be local officials, and at the same time set up judges to be responsible for supervision; Most local taxes are controlled by the central government.
In the Yuan Dynasty, except for Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong, which were under the jurisdiction of the central province, all other places implemented the provincial system. Set up propaganda and appeasement departments in remote ethnic areas. The establishment of the provincial system is a major change in the ancient local administrative system in China and the beginning of the provincial system in China.
6. In the Ming Dynasty, the central government abolished Zhongshu Province and the Prime Minister, killed the Prime Minister Hu, and managed the national government affairs in six parts. Since then, the prime minister system has been abolished.
Ming Taizu founded Diange University as a squire consultant. During the Chengzu period of the Ming Dynasty, officials from imperial academy were selected to participate in the decision-making of confidential affairs in Wenyuan Pavilion, which was called "Cabinet" in history. Cabinet system was formally established.
7. Huang taiji set up a king to discuss politics, and the imperial power was greatly restricted; After Emperor Kangxi ascended the throne, he set up the South Study Room, which was divided into three parts with the central organization. The cabinet, the meeting of discussing the king and the South Study Room stood in three pillars. In Yong Zhengdi, the establishment of military headquarters marked the peak of absolute monarchy.
8. The influence of the strengthening of absolute monarchy on the social development of China.
Positive: China's multi-ethnic unified country has been consolidated and developed; It benefits from social stability and promotes economic development and cultural prosperity.
No: The Emperor is not only a legislator, but also a chief executive and a judge, free from any restraint and supervision. The emperor's decision-making has the characteristics of personal arbitrariness and arbitrariness, and mistakes are inevitable;
It leads to the expansion of bureaucracy and the prevalence of bureaucracy and corruption. In a word, the strengthening of absolute monarchy has greatly hindered social progress, hindered the budding development of capitalism, and made China's social development begin to lag far behind western countries.
Summary and arrangement of historical knowledge points of college entrance examination II
First, the Han Dynasty
1, China (Inner Korea): It is composed of the emperor's cronies (attendants, secretaries) (these people have low status and are used as ministers by the emperor. ), they participated in the decision-making of the national political center, which led to the bureaucracy headed by the prime minister and imperial historians becoming "foreign dynasties", being excluded from political decision-making, weakening the relative power and strengthening the relative power.
2. Secretariat system: In the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the whole country was divided into thirteen monitoring areas, called thirteen counties, and each county set up a secretariat to monitor local politics and strengthen the central government's control over local areas.
Second, the Sui and Tang Dynasties
1, three provinces and six departments.
☆ Content: The three central provinces, Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu, are responsible for drafting, reviewing and executing the imperial edict respectively. Shangshu province consists of six departments: official, household, ceremony, soldier, criminal and industrial.
☆ Function:
The three provinces contained and supervised each other, and the power was divided into three, which dispersed the power and strengthened the absolute monarchy.
The three provinces and six ministries and commissions have a clear division of labor and clear responsibilities, and cooperate with each other to improve the administrative efficiency of the central institutions.
2. Imperial examination system: After Sui and Tang Dynasties, the imperial examination system became the main system for selecting officials. Imperial examination is a system of selecting officials through examinations. It is called imperial examination because it adopts the method of selecting scholars by subjects. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abolished the Nine Grades Zheng Zhi system and began to select officials through examinations of different subjects. When Yang Di was in Sui Dynasty, the government began to set up Jinshi, and the imperial examination system was formed. Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties inherited and improved the imperial examination system.
☆ Evaluate the imperial examination system:
Progressiveness: A. The imperial examination system broke the monopoly of aristocratic families on officialdom, ensured the source of administrative personnel in authoritarian governments, and scholars with high cultural literacy entered politics, creating conditions for improving administrative efficiency. B. This system has also contributed to a universal and lasting reading trend, which is conducive to the formation of a social atmosphere of re-learning. C. From the perspective of pursuing fairness and justice, it is reasonable to take strict examination as the way to select officials.
Limitations: Most of the subjects and contents of the examination are beyond the Confucian classics, especially the stereotyped writing in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and most of them are people who lack enterprising spirit and creative consciousness. As a way of selecting officials with distinctive China characteristics, the imperial examination system is actually a system that lures "heroes of the world" to be controlled by those in power.
Third, the Song Dynasty
1, the establishment of Zhongshumen as an administrative agency, exercising the functions and powers of prime minister, and the chief executive said that it was "equal to Zhongshumen";
2. Add "participating in politics" as the deputy prime minister to divide the executive power of the prime minister;
3. Set up three secretaries to manage finance and divide the financial power of the Prime Minister;
4. Set up the Privy Council to take charge of the military and divide the military power of the prime minister.
Fourth, the Yuan Dynasty.
1, the central government: set Zhongshu Province as the administrative organ, replace the three provinces, directly lead six ministries, and exercise the functions and powers of prime minister;
2. Local: The implementation of the provincial system (short for provincial books) has strengthened centralization, which is the beginning of the provincial system in China.
Summary and arrangement of historical knowledge points in college entrance examination 3
First, from The Book of Songs to Tang Poetry
1, The Book of Songs
(1) China's first collection of poems, The Book of Songs. It is divided into three parts: wind, elegance and praise.
(2) The Book of Songs was compiled by Confucius, which laid the foundation of realism in China's classical literature and was regarded as a Confucian classic by later generations.
(3) Qu Yuan's lyric poem Li Sao is a masterpiece of Chu Ci, which is also called "Sao Style" because of its peculiar imagination and romantic style.
2. Tang poetry
(1) Reasons for the prosperity of Tang poetry;
The civilized, open and prosperous social environment in Tang Dynasty.
Poetry and Fu played an important role in the imperial examination and promoted the prosperity of poetry.
(2) Representative figures and works:
A Poets in the early Tang Dynasty included Wang Bo and Chen Ziang. Wang Bo's "However, as long as China keeps our friendship, heaven is still our neighbor" is a famous sentence that has been passed down through the ages.
B Tang Dynasty poets:
Gao Shi's "A Few Watchers on the Lonely Wall in the Poor Autumn Desert" and Cen Can's "Drum Beating on All Sides, All is Silent and Shady Mountain" are heroic; Meng Haoran and Wang Wei's landscape poems are picturesque and far-reaching in artistic conception. Meng Haoran's "How wide the sky is, how close the trees are, how clear the water is, how close the moon is!" And Wang Wei's "This river flows through heaven and earth, where there are both mountains and mountains" is full of poetry. The poems of Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi are the monuments of the development and prosperity of Tang poetry. Li Bai won the reputation of "Poet Fairy" with his romantic creation. Du Fu is known as "Poet Saint" for his realistic "Poetic History".
Bai Juyi in the middle Tang Dynasty advocated that "articles should be written in time and poems should be written for things", and created a large number of unpretentious allegorical poems, criticizing the shortcomings of the times.
Second, Song Ci and Yuan Qu
1. Reasons for the appearance of Song Ci:
(1 commercial development in song dynasty.
(2) the prosperity of the city.
(3) the increase in the number of citizens.
2. genre:
(1) The representatives of graceful and restrained school are Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao.
Liu Yongzhou's Yulin Order is more sentimental and sad than the Cold and Autumn Festival since ancient times! Where did the wine wake up today? Yang Liuan, Xiaofeng and Canyue!
Li Qingzhao's "Flowers are falling, water is flowing, one kind of lovesickness, two places are carefree" and so on are well-known sayings.
(2) representatives of the uninhibited school, such as Su Shi and Xin Qiji.
Su Shi's "Stone goes through the air, waves beat on the shore, and thousands of piles of snow are rolled up",
3. Yuan Qu: The creation of Sanqu in the Yuan Dynasty entered a prosperous stage, and it was called Yuan Qu together with Yuan Zaju. Yuan Opera is popular, vivid, bold and elegant, and is famous for the creative achievements of Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan and others.
Third, novels of Ming and Qing Dynasties.
1, the development of the novel:
(1) In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there appeared strange books such as Searching for the Gods.
(2) Short story legends in the Tang Dynasty.
(3) China's novel creation was pushed to a new stage by the Song Dynasty.
2. Reasons for the prosperity of novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties:
(1) Authoritarianism has entered the strengthening stage.
(2) Handicraft and commerce flourished, capitalism sprouted and the citizen class expanded.
(3) In order to meet the needs of citizens, novel creation has entered a stage of vigorous development.
3. Representative works: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, The Journey to the West and Dream of Red Mansions are the most famous novels.
4. Evaluation: They are treasures of China literature and world literature.
Summary and arrangement of historical knowledge points of college entrance examination 4
1. The basic characteristics of the city-state: small country with few people and independence.
The polis is a citizen group with the same blood and region.
2. The establishment of democracy in Athens.
Foundation: Solon Reform Time: Early 6th century BC
Content: According to the amount of property, citizens are divided into four grades; Citizens' assembly becomes an organ of power; Establish a 400-member Council; Establish a citizen jury court; Abolish debt slavery.
Function: The reform shook the hereditary privilege of the old clan nobles, guaranteed the democratic rights of citizens and laid the foundation of Athenian democratic politics.
Establishment: Reform in Cristini
Time: end of 6th century BC
Content: establish ten regional tribes and hold elections on a tribal basis; Establish a 500-member parliament, and the tribes take turns to govern; Form a committee of ten generals; Continue to expand the rights of the citizens' assembly.
Function: This reform basically eradicated the political privileges of the old clan aristocrats, expanded the citizens' participation power unprecedentedly, and established the democratic politics in Athens.
Golden Age: The Rule of Perikles
Time: 5th century BC
3. Features: people's sovereignty, rule by turns, supremacy of law and equality of citizens.
4. Positive role: promoting the formation of Greek national character; Promote the development of ancient Greek cultural undertakings; Create western democratic politics.
Negative influence: male citizen democracy; Direct democracy of small countries and few people; Disadvantages of balloting and taking turns to sit in the village
Summary and arrangement of historical knowledge points in college entrance examination 5
Pre-Qin era
1, the rise and fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
2. The content and essence of enfeoffment system.
3. Fully understand and explain the political, economic and cultural manifestations of the historical development trend of China society from the disintegration of slave society to the establishment of feudal system, from separatist regime to unification and centralization, and from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to national integration.
4. Correctly evaluate the merger war in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
5. The background, content, function and essence of Shang Yang's political reform (establishing feudal system economically and politically). How to reflect and complete the historical development trend since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period).
6. The concrete achievements of feudal economic development in the Warring States Period (ironware, Niu Geng, water conservancy, handicrafts and commerce).
7. Reasons, schools, contents and endings of a hundred schools of thought contend. Attach importance to Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism.
8. Astronomy, medicine and the Book of Songs.
9. Confucius (key), Xunzi, Mencius, Han Fei, Qu Yuan.
Note: There were no major problems in the pre-Qin period for many years, so we must pay attention to reviewing in place, especially the social development trend in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. This stage can also be combined with Qin and Han dynasties or Ming and Qing dynasties.
Qin and Han dynasties
Qin and Han Dynasties —— Formation, consolidation, problems and evolution of multi-ethnic unified feudal society.
1, the inevitability and conditions for Qin to unify the world.
2. Qin Shihuang's measures to establish and consolidate unified centralization.
3. Analyze the reasons of Qin's death and Han's prosperity from both positive and negative aspects.
5. Many activities in Qin Huang and Hanwu.
6. Understand and evaluate burning books and burying Confucianism, and respect Confucianism alone. Dong Zhongshu's ideological background, content and function.
7. The change and influence of the thought of governing the country from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty.
8. The relationship between Qin and Han Dynasties and Xiongnu, Western Regions and Yue Nationality.
9. Contribution of Zhang Qian and Ban Chao: Silk Road.
10, papermaking, seismograph, Zhang Heng, Hua Tuo, Wang Chong, Sima Qian and Historical Records, mathematics and feudal education.
1 1, social problems and manifestations of feudal society in Qin and Han dynasties. (Land annexation, ideological despotism)
12, Qin and Han Dynasties were groundbreaking dynasties for later generations, which laid the basic pattern and characteristics of China feudal society in 2000. How to understand? What are the historical facts? (unified national structure; The political model of absolute monarchy and centralization; Feudal small-scale peasant economic model based on various land systems; Multi-ethnic integration pattern with Han nationality as the main body; Open foreign exchange trading mode; The mode of weight ethics based on Confucianism; Traditional scientific and technological culture mode in the world dominated by applied technology. )
Sui and Tang Dynasties
Sui and Tang Dynasties —— The Rise and Fall of Feudal Society
1, the historical reason for the unification of the Sui Dynasty. Similarity between Qin and Sui.
2. Sui inherited the historical position of the past and future.
3. Fully and meticulously remember the segmentation, starting and ending points and communication rivers of the Grand Canal. Understand the reasons and effects of the Grand Canal excavation. Correctly treat the evaluation of the Grand Canal by different figures in history.
4. From all aspects (from the actions of the rulers, from the system, from science and technology, from water conservancy, from ethnic exchanges, from Chinese and foreign exchanges, etc.), analyze the reasons and enlightenment of the prosperity of the early Tang Dynasty. ).
5. Activities and evaluation of Emperor Taizong, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong.
6. Deeply understand the reason, purpose, function, relationship and subsequent destruction of the six-part system, imperial examination system, land equalization system and concession system in three provinces.
7, the performance of its heyday (economy, politics, nationality, foreign countries, culture. The rule of Zhenguan and the prosperity of Kaiyuan.
8. Chang 'an and Yangzhou.
9. The historical fact of the relationship between the central government and the border nationalities in the Tang Dynasty is * * *. Similarities and differences in relations with the Han nationality. Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng entered Tibet.
10, the differences in foreign exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and the Han Dynasty and their causes. Specific historical facts of foreign exchange.
1 1, deeply understand the implementation and influence of the two tax laws.
12, analyze the historical reasons and enlightenment of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline in many aspects.
13, Tang Wenhua: Tang poetry, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan. Mogao Grottoes, Painting, Calligraphy, Feudal Education, Medicine, Sun Simiao, Tang Herbal Medicine.
Note: it has always been the focus and hot spot of the college entrance examination, so we should pay attention to it. The core is prosperity and decline.
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