In Ningling, as an important branch of Confucius' descendants, Ningling School has been 1300 years since the Tang Dynasty and has become an important and influential sect among Confucius' descendants. According to the study of Confucius' family system, "Ningling school, the last 35 generations of sages. The descendants of Ningling School are scattered in Ningling County, Kaocheng County, Lanfeng County, Yiyang County, Shangqiu County, Zhecheng County, Luoyang County, Huaiyang County, Luoning County, fengqiu county County, Taihe County of Anhui Province, Cao Xian County of Shandong Province, Heze County, Changyuan County of Hebei Province, Shahe County, Handan County, Longping County, Xingtai County, Yaoshan County and Jiutai County of Jilin Province.
Why did the descendants of Confucius form a large-scale and far-reaching Ningling school in Ningling? Why did Emperor Taizong of Li Shimin build Confucius Temple in Kong Ji, Ningling County? Why are descendants of Confucius buried in Kong Ji? Kong Ji was originally named Chugu Village, why was it later renamed Kong Ji Village? All this starts with the burial of Hou Kongdelun, the 33rd generation grandson of Confucius, in Ningling. 65438 On February 24th, 2006, the author made a special trip to the countryside to find the site of the tomb of the Millennium Zanshenghou and the descendants of Confucius in Ningling, and solved the above mysteries one by one. Millennium Ode to the Tomb of the Holy Hou.
When I first arrived in Kong Ji, I didn't know where all the descendants of Confucius lived. So, I went to the neighborhood of Kong Ji Town Government and asked people in the street. They told the author that Kong Ji has many holes! To the north of 3 10 national highway and to the east of the township government, the entire East Village of Kong Ji is owned by Kongjia. According to their instructions, in the East Village, the author found the 76th generation grandson of Confucius.
Kong Lingzhi, 65, is a member of the village committee in Kong Ji. A seemingly ordinary person is an extremely careful person. In his home, the author actually saw the genealogy of Confucius in the Republic of China, which he had treasured for many years, with a total of 8 volumes. Knowing his purpose, he went into the back room and took out a package neatly wrapped in hard kraft paper. He opened it carefully, the pages were slightly yellowed and worn, and there was a slightly incomplete family tree of Confucius. Kong Lingzhi, the 76th generation grandson of Confucius, explained the origin of Ningling School.
According to Kong Lingzhi, this is one of the few remaining genealogies of the Republic of China in China. Since 1999, the genealogy of Confucius has been updated recently, and Qufu, Shandong Province has come to inquire and copy this genealogy many times.
Starting from this genealogy, open the inner page to find the relevant content, and begin to tell the origin and development of Confucius descendants in Ningling. He said that in the past, the cemetery and Confucius Temple of Hou Kongdelun, the 33rd generation grandson of Confucius, were very large. The opening of the school of Kongning Mausoleum is related to praising Ningling Mausoleum to build the tomb of Saint Hou. Confucius Temple was built by Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong.
Guo Wende said that Bao Shenghou's tomb is in the courtyard of Kong Ji Health Center today.
According to the Records of Ningling County in the three years of Qing Dynasty, the tomb of Baoshenghou is the tomb of Confucius' third heir. Kong, the word Dajing, is a hereditary marquis. In 637, he moved to Chugu Village (now Kong Ji Village) in Ningling County, and died in the following year (69 1), at the age of 7 1, and was buried here. According to records, the tomb of Baoshenghou is 3 meters high and 40 meters in circumference, made of bricks. There are stone tables and benches in front of the tomb. There are stone figures, stone horses, stone lions, stone monkeys and stone wax tables on both sides of Shinto, which are exquisite and lifelike. There is a stone arch at the main entrance. The tomb area covers an area of five hectares and four hectares, and the cypresses are towering and solemn. Every year, on the 27th day of the eighth lunar month (Confucius' birthday), a big sacrifice is held, and the people of Fiona Fang come here to worship, and incense fills the air. In the north of the tomb, there are Confucian temples, three halls, east-west cloisters and five mountains and six beasts, which are simple and spectacular. (2) Today's site of Confucius Temple can only see the ancient bricks removed from the temple.
Why did Emperor Taizong Li Shimin move to Kong Ji Village, Ningling County? The author raised this question, and Kong Lingzhi invited Guo Wende, the editor-in-chief of the Book of the Family Tree of Confucius and the retired principal of Kong Ji Township, to introduce it. Guo Wende also lives in Kong Ji Collection. Because of his extensive knowledge, he is also the nephew of the Kong family. Participated in collecting and sorting out relevant materials of Confucius School in Ningling for many times, and published many articles. This year, he presided over the meeting of the clan of Confucius in Ningling, and began the sequel to the volume of the clan genealogy of Confucius in Ningling. Guo Wende explained to the author with his familiarity with the historical origin of Confucius' Ningling School and Confucian allusions handed down from ancient times:
The Sui Dynasty destroyed Tang Xing, which was a historic change. At that time, Kong was a hereditary young saint Hou in Sui Dynasty, and in the ninth year of Wude (AD 626), he changed to praise the saint Hou. In this regard, Yu Shinan, a famous calligrapher who was also called Ou Yangxun, Chu Suiliang and Xue Ji in the early Tang Dynasty, once wrote a book "The Monument to the Confucius Temple". The content of the inscription is to commemorate Gao Zu's canonization of Kong Delun and the new Confucius Temple. The tablet of Confucius Temple was inscribed in Wude of Tang Dynasty in the ninth year. It is an outstanding tablet in the early Tang Dynasty, and it is also a wonderful book recognized by tablet engravers and calligraphers in past dynasties.
In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the domestic situation was extremely turbulent, with internal and external troubles. Li Shimin, with superb military and leadership skills, gained the throne by conquering the West and the "Xuanwumen Change", and Tang Gaozu Li Yuan abdicated. After Emperor Taizong Li Shimin acceded to the throne, he reorganized state affairs, strengthened military struggle and crusaded against rebellion. In the 11th year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (637), there was a mutiny in Sanhai, and Shandong was also in political turmoil and did not obey the rule of Tang Dynasty. Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, set out from Chang 'an (Jin 'an), conquered Liaodong to the east (Xue, as we often say, made a fortune from then on) and pacified Shandong. The emperor went out, and Cheng led his son-in-law Kong to follow. When the army went to the southeast of Chugu Village (now Kong Ji Village) in Xiling County (now Shizhanglou and Huanglou North) in the ancient Song Dynasty, they camped and lived, but Kong died of a sudden illness. Due to the tight schedule, Kong was temporarily buried in Ningling. Burying such an important person is of course different from ordinary people. Although time was short, local officials were ordered to build a temple "Bones Temple" to put the remains of Kong. Later, the local people only listened to its voice and did not argue its meaning, so it became an "ancient temple."
In addition, the army counterinsurgency returned victorious, and Emperor Taizong Li Shimin returned to Chang 'an. Thinking that Kong's etiquette was still buried in Ningling, he ordered Cheng to take care of the funeral affairs, gave silver 10 Jin, and gave Kong a grand burial on the spot. Cheng took acupuncture points for archery and chose the land of geomantic omen as the cemetery. Cheng shot an arrow to the west in front of the "bone-sending hall" where Xiao Wu buried his bones with holes, and the arrow landed on the cross street of Chulong Village. The villagers thought that the base address of Yin and Yang Houfu was five hectares and four hectares. I'm afraid the village has been zoned in the graveyard and my family has moved out. Besides, people can't be buried at intersections. Therefore, the arrow was quietly moved to the south of the village where the township government and township health center in Kong Ji are located today. The official chasing arrows here is the tomb. Jianzan Saint Hou Hanging Coffin Tomb, 8 men and 8 women. After the grand funeral, a team of yang hu was left to guard the cemetery. It reaches Yangmiaoji in the west, Monument in the south, Xiaowuzhuang in the east, and Song Hutong in the north. You can't finish the imperial grain within 70 miles, and only pay a part of the sacrifice fee to the fields (equivalent to sacrifice fee and entertainment fee).
There is also a saying that Kong Ba moved to Ningling county and village. According to "Who's Who in Tang Shi", during the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong Li Shimin was afraid of endangering the descendants of Confucius because of the mutiny in the Three Seas. Because Confucius' ancestors were sealed in the Song Dynasty, the imperial edict praised the sage Hou Kongdelun for moving to the land of the ancient Song Dynasty to avoid the disaster of mutiny. "Taizong said,' Song was also a fief of our ancestors.' A letter to Middle-earth. (3) Kong then led his troops south to cross the Yellow River and moved to Ningling Chugu Village. "Here attack for Ningling Queli". In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong, he ordered the court to meet with Sanpin and thousands of households in the food city. Later generations called it the beginning of the gathering of descendants of Confucius. He built a Confucius temple in the local area and gave him a field to worship his ancestors. In the second year (69 1), Kong died in the official residence at the age of 7 1 and was buried in Chugu Village, Ningling County. 10 year 10 20th, Wu Zetian gave Kong seals, books and clothes.
Although the contents of the above two statements are not the same, it is generally believed that the sage Hou Kongdelun was buried in Chugu Village after his death. Judging from the epitaph praising Sheng Hou recorded in Ningling County Annals and Chronicle of Tang Shi Celebrities in the Three Years of Xuantong in Qing Dynasty, the reasons for moving to other places recorded in Chronicle of Tang Shi Celebrities are more authoritative and credible.
After the Tang Dynasty, Kong of Chugu Village and Mr. Jie of Shangdikou presided over the expansion of the village, digging trenches and building villages, making the village area as large as 16 hectares. The first 48 families. Later, when the Kongs moved in, they multiplied and met every gathering, so the ancient village of Chu was renamed Kongjiaji. Because there is a small hole set in the north, it is relatively called a big hole set, and now it is simply called a hole set. (4) The origin of Kong's Ningling School.
After Kong died in Ningling, his eldest son Kong Chongji became an official in Yunnan. "In the twelfth year of Zhongzong, he attacked Shenghou; In the first year of Shenlong, he was dismissed by North Korea. At the beginning of Wuhou, the sage was named Long Gong; So, take Zou Hu as the fief. Fifty-six years old, buried in the east of Ningling's father's tomb. " ⑤ The second son Confucius lamented the sacrifice of Ningling. "He died at the age of 79 and was buried in the east of his father's tomb." After their death, they were buried with their father in Kong Ji.
Kong Chongji, the eldest son of Kong Delun, was born with Kong Xunzhi. "Xunzhi, the word is hidden." In the fifth year of Tang Ming Emperor (7 14), he was given the positions of Saint Hou, Fourth Doctor, Wang Fu Literature, and Cai Zhou Long History. Twenty-seven years, into the seal, in addition to Yanzhou long history, moved to the capital water messenger, food city hundred households. At the age of sixty-four, he was buried in the tomb of Nanzu, Ningling. Son one, Xuan. Confucius' second son Kong lamented his son Xian, "Xian, the word is constant." Young Duan Ying, at the age of ten, could write articles and become a scholar. Through the history of Prince Zhongshe and China, he is famous for his achievements. Give platinum 10 Jin, the first area of Hengshui Zhuang, 50 mu of sacrificial field of Ningling Lin Temple, and never pay tribute. Fifty-nine years old, three sons: Yun, Meng and Xu. ⑥ The Genealogy of Confucius recorded that Kong Xian was a scholar, but it was not recorded in Kaoji. Kong Xian is the ancestor of Ningling School.
Sun Kongxuan, the thirty-sixth generation of Confucius, "attacked the text and made Yanzhou and Surabaya. At the age of 58, he was buried in the tomb of Dongzu in Ningling. Ziyi, Qi Qing. " ⑦
Sun Kong Qiqing, the thirty-seventh generation of Confucius, said, "It has been built for three years, and it is attacking the text. In addition to Qingzhou Sibing joining the army and moving to Yanzhou Sima, it will be our time. Li Na rebelled against Dongping and was buried in Ningling. Son 3: Only, only, only. " ⑧
The thirty-eighth generation of Confucius Sun said, "In the fourteenth year of Yuanhe in Tang Xianzong, the Nazi Party Li was defeated by its teacher, and Dongping was relieved, leaving only his brother and great-grandson to guard the tomb of Ningling ancestral hall. Lu Zhun Yanzhou joined the army and attacked Wen. At the age of sixty-five, he was buried in the east of his ancestral tomb. Son one, policy. " "The famous writer Wei Yun was awarded Yanzhou to join the army, but there was no biography." "But, jin, Yanzhou viceroy, cao from the army. Home Ningling, bye. Son 2: Ke Kuan and Gong Ke. " ⑨
At this point, the three princes of Kong Mingmen were buried in Ningling. The cemetery of Ningling family was stationed by Kong and Kong Weishi, which formed the Ningling school in the family of Kong.
Guo Wende told the author that the Confucius family has always been respected in history. Not to mention the big ones, as far as paying public grain is concerned, it was always free before liberation. He gave an example. Before the liberation of Wuqiang Township in Suiyang District, there were many people named Kong in Ningling Sect, and the local national government asked them to pay public grain. The man surnamed Kong moved out of the imperial edict of the past dynasties that Confucius' grandson was exempt from paying public grain and filed a lawsuit with the local government. As a result, they won the lawsuit and never finished eating food. The Kong family in Jiaxian county is also a famous family in the local area, and most college students belong to the Kong family. The local government built a Confucius Temple and a sacred forest, and offered sacrifices to ancestors every year to thank the saints for their kindness.
According to the 1992 edition of Ningling County Records, according to the registration results of the fourth population census in July 1990, there were 2579 descendants of Kong in Ningling County. Kong Lingzhi told me that at present, people surnamed Kong in the county are mainly distributed in Kong Ji, Dakonglou, Kongxiaolou, Xixiaokongji, Kongzhuang, Liuwa, Mengshitu, Nankongzhuang, Erlang Temple and other villages.
According to "Rebuilding the Epitaph of Commending the Holy Hou" (⑩), the tomb of Commending the Holy Hou has been "the same" since the five dynasties of Tang, Song, Jin and Yuanshi counties. At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, the Yellow River flooded. The tombs of Sanhou were all flooded. "I have seen it for a long time, and the autumn wood still exists." In the sixteenth year of Hongwu (1383), Kong Xizhen, a descendant of Hongwu, was restored and preserved until the early liberation.
Kong Lingzhi said that every year, students surnamed Kong from Ningling School in other places come to Kong Ji to seek their roots and ancestors. However, now, in Kong Ji, we are looking for traces of tombs and Confucius temples, leaving only ruins. It is very difficult to restore the old appearance, involving many factors such as capital and land. Speaking of which, Kong Lingzhi looked helpless. According to him, the tomb of 1958 Baoshenghou was destroyed due to the construction of Kong Ji Alkali Treatment Station; Due to the construction of Kong Ji Supply and Marketing Cooperative, 1957 Confucius Temple was demolished. Today, we can only imagine from the written description of our ancestors, or feel the grand occasion of the past from the residual mottled ancient brick breath.
Under the leadership of Kong Lingzhi and Guo Wende, the author visited the tomb of Baoshenghou and the site of Confucius Temple. Baoshenghou Tomb Site, now the office area of Kong Ji Health Center, is covered with buildings; Behind is the office building of the township government. Guo Wende said that when Gai Lou dug the foundation, many graves were destroyed and many bones were dug out. For this reason, the local Kong clan also had a dispute with the construction unit, which was resolved through mediation. In the ruins of the Confucian Temple, the author can finally find some traces of the past of the Confucian Temple, that is, the ancient bricks after the temple was demolished are now used by the main house of the supply and marketing cooperative and some houses in the courtyard. Although some have been mottled and fallen off because of age, their historical vicissitudes are more lasting.
Confucius is one of the greatest thinkers and educators in China and even in the world, and the founder of China's ideology and culture. Confucius' thoughts are all-encompassing and profound, and all the rich features of China's cultural development can be found from Confucius. More than 2500 years have passed since Confucius, and the clan of Confucius has been passed down for more than 80 generations. From praising the holy Hou to now, descendants of Confucius in Ningling have been passed down for nearly 50 generations and distributed all over the country.
Today, we miss Confucius because his thoughts gave the king the morality to rule the world, while the people gained the experience of China culture, and Confucius' theory became the source of China's thought and culture.
Today, we seek to praise the tomb of saints because its existence has revealed the development of new migration areas for Confucius' descendants and played a positive role in spreading the thoughts of saints in a wider field.
Kong Ji, named after the descendants of Confucius; Ningling school, the big school of Confucius.
Ningling, I am proud of your existence.
Precautions:
① Textual research on the family system of Confucius: Before the 43rd generation of Confucius, there were ten schools such as Pingyang School, Jiaxian School, Ningling School, xian county School, Danyang School, Lingnan School, Hunan School, Liuyang School, Liuyang School and Lushan School.
(2) Place names collection of Shangqiu area, Places of Interest, Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 199 1 version.
(3) The twenty-sixth edition of Confucius Genealogy, Volume 1.
(4) The third series of Ningling Literature and History Materials,1May 1992.
⑤ —— ⑨ The first volume of Confucius Genealogy, 26th edition of the Republic of China. Attending see Xuantong three-year edition of Ningling County Records.
Attachment: Epitaph of Tang Baosheng Hou
Praise the sage Hou surnamed Kong, who is the grandson of Confucius for 33 generations. In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign, Emperor Taizong changed his name to praise the saints, and the court blended with the three products, eating thousands of households. On October 20, the second year of the natural gift of Wuhou, Hou wrote a letter in time. At the age of 71, he died in the official residence and was buried in Chugu Village, Ningling County. Since the Tang, Song, Jin and yuanshi county Dynasties, the autumn dragon has remained unchanged. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Yellow River flooded. The tombs of the two emperors were flooded, and their traces can still be seen for a long time, while Qiu Mu is still there. /kloc-Sun Xizhen, who worshipped at the age of 0/8, has been in his arms and wants to build. I have been an official in the DPRK for several or three years, but I have many concerns about my rambling thoughts. Then go to the official home to get what you want. It is a conspiracy with the people, and it is closed for some reason. Eliminate evils, repair autumn trees and restore their old age. In fact, he sent his younger brother Xian, with Kong's genealogy, to write articles thousands of miles away and publish various stones to show his grave. Chang Wei is a sage's way, standing up for heaven and earth, standing up for the people and opening peace for all generations. His words contain five classics, which teach future generations and are as beautiful as the sun and the moon, so they are often with the world. Its forest temple is tall and long, and it has been enshrined in past dynasties, so there is no damage. It should be as long as Guimeng, and the ancestors were buried in other places, which is also admired by future generations. Zansheng Hou's tomb is a river cushion. Unfortunately, those who make it lack of construction will eventually become a thorny market. Today, fortunately, there is a grandson like Xi Town, who sincerely desires to build it, and the soul of his ancestors will live in Jiuquan forever. Not a saint?
Zhang Chang (teaching assistant in Guo Zi) wrote an article.