After peisistratus died, his son became a tyrant, and he became more and more arrogant. As a result, the nobles attracted the Spartans and overthrew the tyrant in 5 10 BC. However, the civilians rose up against the nobles and drove the Spartans away. Factional conflict lasted for another two years, and Cleisthenes came to power. Cleisthenes continues to carry out reforms, mainly including: 1. Replace the old four-blood tribe with the new regional tribe of 10. 2. Establish a meeting of 500 people instead of 400 people. Among the 65,438+00 tribes, citizens of any level of each tribe can draw lots to select 50 people, and in 65,438+0/65,438+00, they will form a presidium of the citizens' assembly to handle the routine affairs of the country. The 50 members of the delegation will draw lots to select 1 executive chairman (equivalent to the head of state). 3. Establish the Committee of Ten Generals, and each tribe 1, 1 is 1. The commander-in-chief has the greatest power in the Committee. 4. Formulate the exile law of pottery pieces, and give decent exile to any citizen who is considered to be harmful to the country. It is suggested that teachers guide students to read the purpose of the textbook and the pottery pieces presented in the textbook, so as to understand the relevant contents of Cleisthenes's political reform.
Cleisthenes's reform replaced the original consanguineous organization with a new regional organization. His reform gave all citizens in Athens the opportunity to participate in the highest political affairs of the country. Aristotle thought that his reform was "much more democratic than Solon's constitution".
② Perikles reform.
From 4665438 BC to 429 BC, Athenian democracy reached its heyday in Pericles' era. Perikles devoted himself to perfecting democratic politics and reducing the power of aristocratic parliament and consuls. At this time, the citizens' assembly not only has the right to approve and reject the proposals of the aristocratic parliament, but also has the legislative power. A Committee of Ten Generals was established, and the generals were elected by the citizens' assembly for a term of one year, and can be re-elected indefinitely. The general is not only the head of the army, but also the main judicial and administrative officials of the country. Although they exercise great rights, they can't become tyrants, because their policies will be reviewed by the citizens' assembly, they will be easily dismissed at the end of their one-year term, and they will be accused of dereliction of duty. Finally, in Pericles' era, the judicial system in Athens was improving day by day. There are not only the Supreme Court, which is decided by the consul to hear appeals, but also some people's courts to handle various cases. At the beginning of each year, 6,000 citizens are selected from all over the country by drawing lots. These people form juries ranging from 20 1 to 1 to accept special cases. Each jury forms a court and has the right to decide every issue involved in the case by a majority vote. Although the consul presides over the court, he has no privileges as a judge.
When Solon was elected chief consul in 509 BC, social contradictions were acute because of the polarization between the rich and the poor and the serious social opposition at that time. Therefore, the main purpose of Solon's reform is to eliminate contradictions and stabilize the social order in Athens. Therefore, he mainly plays the role of "mediator" in the reform. Therefore, many reform measures are eclectic, which makes his reform inevitably have historical limitations.
Solon established the rank identity of citizens with property, and different ranks enjoyed different political rights. Although this system means that nobles can't enjoy as many political rights as before if they have less property, it is obviously unfair to distinguish citizens' responsibility and ability for national security by wealth. In this case, only the first and second rich classes can enjoy the qualification of being elected as senior officials, which makes the first and second classes occupy absolute superiority in state power, and the lower class citizens do not enjoy the full rights to participate in and discuss state affairs.