First, take the lead in Bahan.
The leader of "Mi Dao Wu Men" is basically the general people's understanding of Zhang Lu, and is just as famous as the leader of Dongfang Taiping Dao, Zhang Jiao, so officials call them Mi Thief, Mi Witch and so on. But in fact, this is not their idea, and the formal title should be "Stone Road" or "Justice Road":
"Xu Li" has been published for three years, and the inscription of Mi Wu's offering to Zhang Pu's wine says: "On March 1st, the second year of Xiping, there were nine ghosts and soldiers, immortals became immortal, and Xuanshou extended his life. The Tao was just one yuan, distributed in, Zhang Pu and Meng were born in, Huang Chang, Yang Feng and so on. The decree was given. When offering wine, you should practice the way of Tianshi, and the method is boundless. " The words "Tianshi Dao" and "Justice" should have been used by Zhang Ling (Zhang Lu's grandfather) after the school was founded, so they were found in this monument. Taoist classics will also call it that in the future. For example, Volume 6 of "Seven Signs of Cloud" called Zhang Daoling a three-day mage, and he was a real person.
Huang Lao's thoughts have already taken root in Bashu, such as professor and protege Yang Hou, with more than 3,000 people on the list. Good people in Yizhou, such as Zhai Jian and folding elephants, are believed by the emperor (see "The Biography of the Later Han Dynasty"), which is the basis for the masses to accept; In the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, politics gradually deteriorated, and natural disasters and epidemics gave him a good opportunity to preach in the name of treating diseases: "Zhang Xiu, a witch in Chaidog County, hired Mi Wudou as a teacher when he was cured." (See the introduction to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty) (Note 1) The local ethnic minorities are ghosts and witches, and naturally they are easily absorbed as Christians (Note 2).
Yu Qian recorded his treatment method in detail: "Those who are peaceful in the Tao, the teacher holds nine sticks as a blessing, and teaches patients to kowtow and think. Because they drink water, people who are sick or cured believe. If they are not cured, they don't believe. The practice is similar to the angle, and the scarly room is added, so that patients can think. He also made people drink alcohol as a rape order, and the master of wine offering made the capital know with Laozi's Five Thousand Articles, calling it a rape order. Pray for ghosts and patients. Please pray, write down the patient's name and convince the meaning of crime. For the three links, on the first day on the mountain, the first place was buried, and the second place was hidden, which was called three official calligraphy. "
According to the Zhengyi Guanzhitu cited in the Supreme Secret Volume 23 of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, there are 24 kinds of treatments listed in it, such as Yangping Treatment, Lutang Treatment, Wuheshan Treatment (Zhang Ling Temple) and Zhuokou Treatment, which are all over Yizhou, including Beijiong Treatment in Li Si, for reference.
The Preface to Classic Interpretation is divided into two volumes, named Xianger Annotation. Nobody, a cloud of Zhang Lu, a cloud of Liu Biao. As far as the Confucian style of study in Jingzhou is concerned, Zhang Lu is indeed more likely; According to the Ten Years of Tianbao in Dunhuang, Mr. Rao Zong I wrote the words "Thirty-seven Chapters of Taoist Classics" and "Teacher's Decision" at the end of this volume. In the annotation of Lao Xiangzi II, he also thought: "It should be the theory of Zhang Ling, the theory of Lu and Shu; In other words, what Lu did opened the door to Yuling, and he wanted to learn from Taoism. "
The contents of the book take the belief in "Tao" as the core, exclude other religions, deify Laozi and Ji people to believe in the true Tao, abide by the precepts of Tao, and combine the accumulation of goodness and essence to achieve the goal of longevity and happiness. The rulers of the country also need to learn Tao and educate the people in order to achieve peace. Kou Qianzhi's "Practice Zhang Lu Less and Take the Bite" (see Shu Wei's "Shi Lao Zhi") shows that Shi Tian believers take Dan medicine to become immortals.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty (Volume 38) records: "After Anshun, the wind was slightly thinner, and the bandits were bustling, resulting in a gap. Those who plagiarize people and steal cities pretend to be emperors and kings without waiting for the time or the moon. Or test Shinto, or coronation. " In the Eastern Han Dynasty, many people started to do things with the help of religion or miracles.
Zhang Lu surrendered to Cao Cao in the 20th year of Jian 'an (AD 2 15), about three years after Zhong Ping (AD 186). Liu Hong changed the state secretariat to state animal husbandry in five years, and entered Shu in the same year, so Liu Zhang said in Jian 'an nineteen years that his father and son had been in the state for more than twenty years, so if the Zhang Lu regime only existed for more than twenty years (counting from Liu in Hanzhong), Chen Shou should not be called thirty years. Whether Chen Shou's sentence is right or not depends on Shi Tiandao's power in Pakistan. Although there was an uprising in Ba County in the first year, it did not follow Kou County afterwards, but this does not mean that it did not take root in the local area:
"Lu Bu Qu Duo is in Brazil" (see Biography of the Three Kingdoms). Liu Zhang), this is true. Except his brother Zhang Qian, most of Zhang Lu's courtiers came from Yuanba, not only Yan Pu and Wang Ping of Brazil, but also Du Fu, Park Tiger and Yuan Yue of Sanyi Wang, and ('s great-grandfather, see the supplementary note of Huayang National Records School. Li Xiu is a native of Nanyang, but the native places of Yang Ang, Bai Yang, Yang Ren and Li Fu (see Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Xian Di) cannot be verified.
Because in Baxian, the "vulgar and brave" half people have already become followers of Taoism. "Zhang Lu lives in Hanzhong, and the parishioners worship ghosts, while monks worship witches" (see Jin Shu and A Record of Te Li). The jurisdiction should be as analyzed by Mr. Ren Naiqiang in Reading Notes on the Revision of Huayang National Records. "A Record of Hanzhong": "Du Fu's name is the largest, and he lives in Dianjiang. Today, Wangcheng is between Guang 'an and Quxian (Du is the most famous name of Dianjiang). Park Hu lived in Langzhongjie, now Pingliang City, Bazhong County. Although Park Hu's name is second only to Du Fu's and his residence is closest to Hanzhong, Zhang later went there. And let Hu Xian try to surrender to Cao Cao, get the title, and then send Lu out. Fan Mu led the way to help Hanwang determine the seven surnames of Sanqin, that is, Park's ... Yuan Yue's residence is suspected to be in the county, so in recent years, farmers have obtained the golden seal of Houyi in Kaixian cultivated land (Cao Cao awarded Sanyi Wang Yin). "
Mr. Tang in the article "Continued the History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties". Fan Changsheng's Relationship with Babian's Occupation of Shu, quoting the sentence "The tiger's leather coat is broken, so it shoots crossbows" in Huayang Guozhi and Bazhi, and Wang's Biography of Nanren, infers that he is good at shooting.
In June of the fifth year of Liangzhou (note 3), Ma Xiang gathered Mianzhu, named himself the Yellow Scarf, broke Luo County, killed Yizhou, and even went to Shu County and Qianwei, but did not break Ba County, killing the prefect Zhao Department. 1 1 month, the banyan tree rebelled again. The "yellow turban insurrectionary thief in Ba County" (see The Biography of Nan Man in the Later Han Dynasty) was more like Shitianlu than Maxiang, a group of refugees, so Ban responded, but was quickly razed by Sima Zhaojin of Xiyuan Military Department. Ma Su was beheaded by Jia Long in Yizhou.
"Ba County Magistrate's Monument" says: "The season is ominous, the rice witch is tyrannical, the foolish young Qiang continues, and the treachery rises together. There are countless people trapped, and the monarch and the minister are United and have no shame. The restoration of Stuart is inseparable. Gong Liu, the shepherd, was honored by the second class and was awarded to Ba County. " (See "Lishi" Volume 11) The word "Mubo Gong Liu" shows that this happened after Ada entered Shu. Mr. Yan Gengwang thinks that it was appointed by Ada in the "Han Taishou Secretariat Table".
"Miwu's fierce abuse" refers to the five years of Zhong Ping, when Ba County was once lost. Although the rebellion subsided, Zhang Lu and Zhang Xiu did not die. From the future, they can kill the Hanzhong satrap and occupy their land, which shows that they still retain some strength. (Qing Qiang refers to Qing Yi Qiang and Lao, but it is not clear whether they participated in the rebellion because of Ma Xiang or Shi Tiandao. )
Zhang Xiu is not necessarily Zhang Heng, as Pei Songzhi suspected, because Ye Fan also remembered the Zhang Xiu Rebellion in July of the first year of Zhong Ping, and when people juxtaposed the heresies of that year, there was nothing wrong with it, so it was difficult to establish a thin argument. Zhang Xiu's juxtaposition with Zhang Jiao in Dian lue also shows his independence in Hanzhong, and he is probably the leader of Tianshi Dao. However, Zhang Lu is also the leader, so he can only obey orders: Zhang Lu sent his party Zhang Xiu to attack Hanzhong and the satrap of Sugu (see Huayang Guozhi. Record of Hanzhong).
Ada is a group of capable heroes. After Mianzhu was moved, he made a series of actions, such as "appealing to the rebel side and being lenient", and achieved several things in one fell swoop:
First, Yizhou strongmen are quite powerful. He didn't take the road of Liu Biao's cooperation with the strongmen, so he could only hit the target with one blow, move the state capital to Mianzhu, which had just been captured, away from them, and then kill more than ten people, including Wang Cheng, to bully. Jia Long and the prefect Ren Qianqi joined forces to counterattack, but they were killed by the enemy (Zhao Yang's rebellion is another story);
Second, compared with Yizhou's previous rule of "collecting troubles", "greedy for the disabled and abusing others" and "forgiving the people and benefiting the people", it is helpful to win the hearts of the people and attract the rebels to become their own army more easily. Tens of thousands of refugees in Nanyang and Sanfu have also become party followers, nicknamed "Eastern Zhou Bing". Mr. Gao Min even speculated in the fourth quarter of Chapter 12 of the Draft History of Qin and Han Dynasties: "Mianzhu is the place where Yizhou Yellow Scarf attacked, and the social foundation of the rebel army is undoubtedly relatively strong. The reason why Ada wants to' migrate Mianzhu' is obviously to strengthen the disintegration of the rebel army and to get rid of the control of the state power. "
Third, Zhang Lu is naturally the object of his wooing. As Mr. Ren Naiqiang analyzed, "Treating Mianzhu and taking care of the refugees in Dongzhou is for my own use, but I am still afraid of losing. When I saw that Wudou Midao people were incompatible with the giants, I bowed my head to their teachings and accepted them ... calling Wudou Midao people righteous and appointing Zhang Lu as Sima ... to break the Northern Daoist Committee member Zhang Lu and protect his mother, as my brother said, so I can win the support of Taoists and isolate the giants. "
Zhang Lu's Sima Du Yi is as original as Fan Min's Zhu Du Yi Wei. Ada also set up four Sima departments, namely, the front, the back, the left and the right, and planned to have four armies and armies, all of which were two thousand stones (see Huayang National Records). Liu Ermu), ranking as a satrap, while Zhang Lu and Zhang Xiu are about two thousand stones.
Fourth, Ada's ultimate goal is "circuitous plan". Suppose Shi Tianlu is recruited and let them occupy Bahan, there will be an excuse to claim that the road to and from the imperial court has been cut off, because it is indeed "a number of ambassadors from China" and "a thousand chariots and horses ride", but it is actually a separatist state.
For Zhang Lu, although his actions were restrained after his surrender, he was nominally a government official of the imperial court. As long as he doesn't turn against Ada, it is necessary to stop fighting and let his parish continue, so the two sides hit it off. Zhang Lu's mother and brother stayed behind and obtained the right to be hijacked.
Hanzhong satrap Su Gu Shinto repeats the same old tune. He is a "ranger and learned the art of war", but Su Gu just didn't use his defensive skills to defend the enemy. Zhang Lu, attack, over the wall, failed to take refuge, Su Gu was killed. Chen transferred more than 100 guests to counterattack and died generously. Zhang Lu then occupied Hanzhong. As for the time of the invasion, neither Chen Shou nor Ye Fan made it clear what year it was. Changqu sent troops two years before Chuping in Records of Liu Ermu, and Chuping was recorded in Records of Hanzhong, that is, around the first year of Chuping.
Zhang Lu killed Zhang Xiu somehow after he occupied Hanzhong two years after Chuping. "Because of his private practice, he added decoration." Perhaps the reason is that the leader saw Zhang Xiu's growing power and threatened his position, so he had to get rid of it as soon as possible. As for the year of Zhang Xiu's death, Dianlue was recorded before "He Lv was in Hanzhong", so Qingxitai thought it was misinformation or escape from prison. Zi Tong Zhi Jian happened before Ada's death (the first year of Xingping), so it is wrong to put it in Jian 'an for five years.
It is said that attacking Chang 'an with Marten can make Sun Zhao, a captain, play. It can be seen that Hanzhong was still unimpeded before Ada died, and this situation was completely changed until the establishment of Liu Zhang.
Liu Zhang's support from Zhao Yang and others is not his wisdom, but his so-called gentleness. In fact, cowardice is the most appropriate. When will Zhang Lu not get rid of Liu Yizhou at this time? This is "a little arrogant and disobedient", Du Fu and other three Bayi kings responded. Liu Zhang took hostages, and the two sides became enemies from then on. Liu Zhang sent Pang, Xi and Li Si in to beg for the money, but the amount was broken. In the face of the enemy rebellion of Ba people, in the second year of Xingping, Liu Zhang had to let Pang be the prefect of Ba county to defend the enemy in Langzhong. In order to strengthen the defense, he "needs to call Han Chang as a soldier"; Liu Zhang also sent Yang Huai and Gao Pei to defend Zhang Lu at the last minute.
The imperial court, facing the ruthless reality, made him a corps commander of the town (Chang Qu Ji Zhen Man) and led Hanning to be the satrap. Later, someone presented the unearthed imperial seal, and when the ministers wanted to respect Zhang Lu as the king of Henning, Sun Cao remonstrated, saying, "The people of Hanchuan, with a population of 100,000, are surrounded by fertile soil, and the emperors of Shangkuang are Huan, Wen and Ji, without losing their wealth. Today, the system is established, and the potential is enough to break, not bothering the king. Don't say it, don't harm it first. " Indeed, Zhang Lu has been more than enough for the time being, but it does not dispute the world. Moreover, it has long been called a thief of rice. There is no need to be the first bird to be king. Leave yourself a way out. So, Zhang Lu agreed.
Therefore, when dew fell in Hanzhong, Li Xiu (the father) saw that Zhang Luyou had tens of thousands of soldiers and four blockades, and he put forward that the red gas had been declining for a long time, and the Huang family would prosper (the Eastern Han Dynasty was a fire virtue, and the five virtues would be replaced by earth virtues), and he asked Zhang Lu to give the number, but he did not listen.
About the three counties of Xicheng, Shang Yong and Fangling in Hanzhong, Huayang is governed by the state. Hanzhouzhi said: "It is in the east of Hanzhong, so Shu Han is called the three counties in the East." The local Han people live in the wrong place, surrounded by mountains and dangerous on all sides. Xiangyang can be reached by drowning, blocking water, building water, etc., which is the exile place of criminals in Qin and Han Dynasties. Fangling, the junction of Yi and Jing, is the closest to the middle road where Kuai's family is located. Jiang Wan once wanted to lead troops to attack Wei Xin (Xicheng) and Shang Yong, but after public discussion, it was difficult to return to the main road, which was not a long-term solution, so he gave up.
Shen Dan and Shen Yi brothers gathered thousands of people in Xicheng and Shangyong, and then exchanged with Zhang Lu. They are powerful people who give up their territory to protect themselves. After Zhang Lu surrendered, Cao Cao analyzed the counties and named him a general and a captain, which was a appeasement measure under the condition of insufficient control.
In fact, these three counties have always been as Mr. Tian Yuqing said in A Probe into the History of Qin, Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties. The History of Dongsan County and Shu Wei: "It has been separated from Yizhou and has to go their separate ways ... It is also inevitable that Fangling at the eastern end has long been detained by Jingzhou Xiangyang." In the twenty-fourth year of Jian 'an, Mengda attacked Fangling from Zigui to the north, and the satrap was spoiled by the big ice. Hu Sansheng said, "This county suspects Liu Biao's land, so you should guard it, otherwise you will stand on your own two feet." After Cao Cao arrived in Hanzhong, there was really no documentary record showing that Fangling County was divided.
Looking up the articles about Xincheng County in Huayang Guozhi and Hanzhong Zhizhi, there is no mention of Kuai; In view of the fact that Liu Biao not only took Kuai Yue as the satrap, but also took advantage of the death of the satrap of Jiaozhou and Cangwu to set up his own private office and get his hands on Jiaozhou outside Wuling. Is it possible for Liu Biao to ignore Fang Ling, which is in the land without owner, in the northwest of Xiangyang (Wudang Mountain in the north) and has strategic value (Yizhou can be reached without attacking Yong 'an)? For Liu Biao, it is almost a piece of cake, so the biggest possibility is to let Kuai Wan be the prefect of Fang Ling, and then let Kuai Wan go to Cao with his family, and Cao Cao will remain in office.
Note 1. Li Xian's original text is only "Liu Ai Ji", but according to "Old Tang Shu Jing Ji Zhi", "Han Ling Di Xian Di Ji" is the full name, with a total of six volumes.
2. Shi Tian promoted Du Xuan. Therefore, Miminshanliao was falsely reported ... The five-door esoteric religion of Fu came from Shi Tian, and the later generations were filthy. The world hates fear because of the python. It's the one who draws charcoal quickly again. It's Zhang Lu. Foreign objects are difficult to melt, so the method of making silk is that donkeys roll in the mud, yellow mud and brine are stained with mud, and willows are hung on their heads and cooked. This method means that Huaxia is not applied at the border. Hongming Ji (Volume 8) is quoted from On Chaos.
Liao people are distributed in Sichuan and southern Shaanxi, and they are ethnic minorities with a long history. By the way, "Liu Zhang said," the immortal spirit nourishes life. Jude festival loose chardonnay and thick body, addicted to taste xi can Shang Tao. Lutz is angry and ashamed. " This sentence is also from Thich HuyenQuang. I don't understand why Zhang Shu put this book in Zhuge Liang's collection, and claimed that it came from the Records of Arts and Literature.
3. The History of the Three Kingdoms, Biography of Huayang Kingdom and Liu Ermu recorded that Ma Xiang was from Liangzhou, while Biography of Ada in the Later Han Dynasty and History as a Mirror recorded that he was a thief from Yizhou. Chen Shou and Chang Qu were both Shu people, and their books were written before Ye Fan, so they adopted Liangzhou theory.
4. Six years after Jian 'an, that is, after Zhao Yang and Liu Zhang joined forces, Ba County and Langzhong County were renamed as Brazil County, so Pang County should be remembered as Changqu. Ye Fan's "because of the attack" is wrong, because neither Chen Shou nor Chang Qu mentioned attacking Qinxian.
Buddy was in Xingping for two years (Mr Ren Naiqiang explained: "The reason for the first six years of Pingping was that the Gaishu road was closed and it was impossible to cross the new moon. Shu people still gave ChuPing this title. Six years, two years of improvisation "), six years of Jian' an, etc. See Chapter 9 of Guo Buzhi and Administrative Geography of Eastern Han Dynasty.
Hanzhouzhi records that Liu Zhang killed Zhang Lu's mother in the fifth year of Jian 'an, and this was the only way to find a soldier. However, according to Liu Ermu's records, the two sides were interested in Zhao Lv Fan (Jian 'an five years). Because Ba Zhi records that Pang Ren was a satrap for six years, the chronological order of Liu Ermu Zhi shall prevail.