Rome, on the other hand, never set foot in the feudal world. Whether it is the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire or the Eastern and Western empires, they are all slave empires.
The previous ones have already talked about it in detail, and I will mainly talk about Rome.
Roman population > slaves > citizens
Rome belongs to a typical slave country, with a large population in the area under its control, but only a small part of it really belongs to' Roman citizens', and most of the population belongs to slaves in the conquered areas, which can be interpreted as: Roman population = slaves+citizens. Although slaves can become citizens, they are also aimed at very narrow special groups, such as Greek engineers and doctors. Nero, the Roman emperor, once publicly granted the Greeks citizenship on a whim. There was unanimous opposition from all over Rome, and the rebels left their relatives and died miserably. Considering the innate superiority of the Romans, the Roman Senate is quite cautious about the issuance of citizenship. The Romans can accept a dissolute emperor, but they can't accept an emperor who subverts the foundation of the empire.
Rome adopted immigration measures to the newly conquered areas and granted citizenship to some residents of the newly conquered areas. However, considering that some Roman citizens are bankrupt and enslaved, it is a drop in the bucket for the growth of the number of imperial citizens.
The influence of Rome's expansion on its citizens, society and country.
Rome originated from an agricultural society, and its agricultural nature continued until the Republic of China. Most of its citizens are farmers, planting a small piece of land to make a living. After the Punic War, Rome developed rapidly. Most citizens sold their land to big noble, the big landlord, and joined the army to fulfill their civic obligations, because they could get a piece of land in the new district after they retired. However, Roman aristocrats and big landlords with growing land area brought back a large number of slaves from newly conquered areas to replace Roman citizens who had participated in farming. Therefore, from the agricultural structure of Roman society, it is impossible to realize the large-scale "regularization" of slaves.
The same situation is common in Roman industry. Roman industry was supported by power. During the imperial period, the Romans believed that industry belonged to the poor and slaves of the lower class, and real Romans should rely on land rent and industrial investment to enjoy success and share the wealth brought by imperial expansion.
This is also an important reason why the Roman labor force can not be liberated.
Roman monarchy era
Legend has it that there are 300 clans in Rome, which are composed of 3 1 phratry (called curia by the Romans) and 3 tribes (called tribes by the Romans), and all the members constitute "Popuius Romanus".
There are three main types of management institutions in the "royal era": Lux (king), Senate and curia Parliament.
Antiques Committee
This is a mass meeting held according to the phratry (that is, curia), attended by adult men of all clans. This kind of meeting mainly solves the most important problems in commune life, such as the election of senior public officials (including Luxor), the declaration of war, the adoption or rejection of new bills, and the final judgment of cases sentenced to death. When a resolution is passed, each of the 30 houses has one vote.
senatus
The Council of Elders consists of 300 tribal chiefs. The pre-decision-making body equivalent to the curia Congress has the right to discuss major issues raised to the curia Congress in advance. As its members are all from clan dignitaries, they can actually manipulate the curia Conference and exert a decisive influence on Lux.
Lux (king)
They introduced Ida Larrea's luxury and majesty: Wang wore a golden crown, a purple robe and an eagle's head scepter, and sat on an ivory throne in the middle of Longzhong; Wang was accompanied by 12 attendants, who held 1 sticks and inserted axes, and were called "fascists". It symbolizes 1 kind of absolute power, thus becoming synonymous with autocracy in the future. Other 1 ceremonies handed down from generation to generation were held in triumph. Every time the king leads his troops back to the city successfully, there will be a grand victory ceremony: the king wears a golden purple robe, stands on a chariot, carries prisoners and trophies, marches through the city streets, goes to the temple to sacrifice, and the crowd cheers and watches. The scene is grand and spectacular. This ceremony later became an important part of 1 Roman social life.
Unlike many other contemporary Italian city-states, the Roman monarchy was not entirely hereditary. When a king died, the city entered an empty period. The city is ruled by a temporary ruler who has the right to nominate the next king. The interim governor is nominated by the Senate for an indefinite term. Once the provisional ruler finds a candidate for Wang, he will submit the candidate to the people's congress. If the candidate is approved by the curia Parliament, the Senate will approve the vote. Theoretically, people elect their leaders, but the Senate controls the whole process.
Servius Reform —— The Birth of Roman State
From 578 BC to 534 BC, Servis Tullius ruled. During this period, servius tullius carried out reforms, including:
● Divide citizens who can perform military service into five grades according to their property, and each grade provides a different number of 100-man troops, * * * 193.
The establishment of committee of 100 replaced the power of the Gurion Congress to declare war, elect and judge. 193 team 100 people, each with one vote.
● Divide clan tribes into four regions.
The reform of Severus Tullius completed the transition from clan system to state in ancient Rome.
The arrogant king Lucius Tarquini superbus was the son-in-law of Severus Tullius, but he led troops into the palace and killed Severus Tullius, becoming the king himself and the last king. After Lucius Tarquini superbus came to power, he was cruel and heartless. In 5 10 BC, he was expelled from Rome by Roman civilians, led by Lucius Junius Brutus, the son of Servis Tullius.
The Roman people decided that they no longer needed a king, but elected two consuls. They were originally called consuls and later renamed consuls for a term of one year. The first consuls were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tacvin Colladay. In 509 BC, the Roman nobles came to power and established the Roman Republic.
* * * Roman Republic
First, the separation of powers and republicanism in ancient Rome
Royal Family: Two consuls, in charge of domestic affairs and directing troops to fight. Once a year, no re-election. Elected by the parliament of 100 people. The two consuls enjoy equal rights. In case of extraordinary times, the two consuls were replaced by dictators (also called Dictydodo) for a term of only half a year. The dictator had 24 followers with tomahawks strapped to their shoulders. This symbol of power is the source of fascism.
Noble: The Senate, Centennial Meeting and Senate Meeting will remain, but the Senate Meeting will exist in name only. The centennial conference is still dominated by the rich, and the recommendations made must be approved by the Senate. Therefore, the Senate is the real organ of power, and 300 lifelong elders are a solid fortress of aristocratic forces, in charge of the operation of the state treasury and all foreign affairs.
Civilians: the tribune established in the first 494 years was elected once a year and must be elected by the poor. There were two people at first, and then it increased to 10. This official position is aimed at protecting the interests of civilians. The tribune has the right to veto any act or decree that is not conducive to the interests of civilians. The personal and veto rights of the tribune are sacred and inviolable, and his rights will be further expanded in the future.
In addition, there are financial officials, municipal officials and justices. They are all appointed once a year and cannot be re-elected.
The separation of powers is the basic political system of the ancient Roman Republic, and it is also considered by later generations to be one of the most classic political systems in ancient times. This system, which combines the basic characteristics of monarch, parliament, * * and three regimes, provides a guarantee for its hegemony. But there are also hidden dangers of contradictions, such as the contradiction between slaves and slave owners, the contradiction between conquerors and conquered, the contradiction between conservatives and reformists, and the contradiction between conservatives and knights with the expansion of the country. The most basic contradiction between civilians and nobles, accompanied by the Republic of China, made it inevitably embark on the road of reform in the future.
Second, the horrible method of serial killing
The reason why the Roman army is invincible and invincible is that the legal system for soldiers is quite strict. If a young Roman makes a big mistake, he is often the least likely to die. Running away from the army, stealing, losing weapons, armor and homosexuality are all death sentences. One of the most horrible is the "world-one whipping and killing method". According to the Roman military law, people who fled the battlefield should be sentenced to death, but when it was carried out, the officer only touched the weapon lightly, and then all the other soldiers abused and slaughtered the man at will. His death was terrible. And if a team leaves collectively, everyone draws lots, and one of the ten draws dies. The winner will be punished as mentioned above. Because this tactic made soldiers afraid to escape, Roman soldiers would fight to the death even if their troops were less than their opponents.
Roman Empire
The official name of the Senate and the Roman people, China ancient book called Daqin, is a stage of ancient Roman civilization, which is a harmonious system in theory and an authoritarian regime in fact.
After Octavian established the empire, he founded the head of state system (disguised as * * * and monarchy, and then monarchy), which he called Augustus. The Roman Empire is generally divided into two stages: the early empire (-192) and the late empire (193-476).