I believe many friends have seen some debates, but do you know the process of debates? The following is my understanding of the process and rules of the debate. Welcome to read it. I hope you like it!
First, the competition method of the debate
1, adopts the topic group duel mode, that is, the selected topic determines the group duel. Each team will draw lots at the designated time before the game to decide the debate and the number of games. The pros and cons of the same topic were drawn into a group to compete.
(Note: The pros and cons of the semi-finals will be decided by lottery after the preliminary round; After the rematch, draw lots to decide the pros and cons of the semi-finals; This competition *** 14: 7 in the preliminary round, 4 in the rematch, 2 in the semi-final, and the final 1. )
2. After the combination is determined, the debate will be announced at the same time.
This debate will be drafted by the organizer. After the debate is announced, the participating teams are not allowed to ask for deletion at will.
Second, the debate process
1. The chairman made an opening speech: introducing the rules of the competition, the participating teams and their views, the members of the jury, and then announcing the start of the competition.
2. Debate between the two sides.
At the end of the debate, there will be live interaction, and the audience will express their views on the debate.
4. Members of the jury discuss the results of the competition.
The representative of the jury commented on the competition. (After the debate, the jury will select a representative to comment on the debate by combining the opinions of all the judges. Analyze the performance, advantages and disadvantages of the two teams, and put forward the areas that both sides need to improve. Due to time constraints, comments should be concise. )
6. The chairman announced the result and the game was over.
Third, the debate process.
The executive chairman made an opening speech, briefly introducing the competition situation, schedule and rules, that is, entering the competition.
1, the executive chairman introduced the debate, the pros and cons teams and the jury members, and started the competition.
2. Both parties introduce themselves (***2 minutes)
First introduce yourself positively, then negatively, each time 1 minute.
3. Opening remarks (presentation stage) (**6 minutes)
First, the argument is put forward by the positive party, and then by the opposing party. The time for both parties is 3 minutes. (At 2 minutes and 30 seconds, there will be a short bell reminder, and the long bell will end. )
4. Offensive and defensive stage (* *12 minutes)
A, choose the other side of the second debate or the third debate to attack, debate for 3 minutes.
B. The other party will choose the opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party's opposite party. Opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent's opposing opponent.
C, three independent variables in the front and three independent variables in the back, and repeat the above steps. (A debater who has two attacks on one side can
Repeatedly choose the other side to attack and defend with the same debater)
After the opponent is selected, the attacker and the defender will ask the other side questions and the other side will answer. The attacker can only ask questions and the opponent can only answer them. Each round of attack and defense is limited to 3 minutes. (2 minutes and 30 seconds flag-raising reminder, flag-waving at the end. If the debater has not stopped, the host will remind him. )
At each stage of attack and defense, neither side can change people halfway, and both sides stand.
5. Summary of attack and defense (***4 minutes)
Summarize the attack and defense by the positive argument, and then summarize by the negative argument, 2 minutes each. (1: 30 raise the flag and wave it at the end. If the debater has not stopped, the host will remind him. )
6. Free debate (***8 minutes)
The free debate starts from the front, and both sides take turns to speak. It is not allowed to speak continuously on the same side, and each side counts for 4 minutes. After one party's time is up, the four debaters can speak freely until the time runs out, and the other party can give up the time to end the free debate. (3 minutes and 30 seconds flag-raising reminder, flag-waving at the end. If the debater has not stopped, the host will remind him. )
7. Closing remarks (***8 minutes)
The opposing side will make a concluding speech first, and then the opposing side will make a concluding speech, each for 4 minutes. (3 minutes and 30 seconds flag-raising reminder, flag-waving at the end. If the debater has not stopped, the host will remind him. )
8. The Executive Chairman asked the jury to comment and make a verdict.
9. Off-court audience-player communication stage: the time is 4 minutes (excluding the game score). Cheerleading teams of both sides and off-site teams can ask questions to debaters of both sides on the topic of this competition, and the executive chairman will make a ruling on whether the corresponding debaters will answer.
10, the executive chairman invited the representatives of the jury to analyze the competition and make a comment.
1 1. The Executive Chairman announced the list of "excellent debaters" and winning teams in this competition.
12, the executive chairman announced the end of the game and left in an orderly manner.
Fourth, the rules of debate.
1, time prompt
When the debater still has 30 seconds to speak, the timekeeper will prompt him with a short piano sound, and when the time is up, he will end his speech with two piano sounds. Otherwise, it will be handled in violation of regulations.
2, cross-examination rules
(1) Each team member should answer succinctly and ask clear questions (only one question can be asked at a time).
(2) When the other player asks questions, the asked party must answer, and may not avoid or ask questions.
3. Rules of free debate
(1) The speeches in the free debate must alternate between the two teams. First, a player from the front speaks. After the speaker sat down, the opposite player spoke, and the two sides took turns until the time ran out.
(2) Cumulative time consumption of each team. When one party has finished speaking, that is, after the speaker has sat down, the time consumption of the other party will be calculated.
(3) In terms of total time, there is no limit to the order, times and time of speaking.
(4) If one team runs out of time, the other team can continue to speak until the time runs out. You can also give up talking. Giving up the speech does not affect the score.
Debaters are not allowed to read prepared books or show prepared charts or posters, but they can bring small cards, show or quote abstracts from books and newspapers to strengthen their arguments.
5. During the competition, the debater shall not leave his seat, disturb the opponent or his debater, or make personal attacks during the debate.
The scoring method of verb (verb's abbreviation) debate competition
1. There are five experts in each competition.
2, judging method (this competition adopts scoring method, and groups and individuals score separately).
(1) The winner of the competition is decided by the sum of the scores of the five judges, and the team with the highest score wins.
(2) Each excellent debater is awarded by the one with the highest score, which is the sum of the judges' scores.
(3) The individual score of the debater is only used as the basis for judging individual awards.
Criterion of intransitive verb debate competition
1, group score (100)
(1) Examination of questions (20 points)
Whether the position can be understood from the perspectives of logic, theory and facts, whether the arguments are sufficient, whether the reasoning relationship is clear, and whether there are better ways to deal with the difficulties of the other party.
(2) Demonstration (25 points)
Whether the argument is convincing, whether the argument is sufficient, whether the reasoning process is logical, and whether it is appropriate to quote facts.
(3) Refutation (25 points)
Ask yourself if you have caught each other's point. The question is clear. If you don't ask questions or ask unclear questions within the specified time, you should deduct points appropriately. Whether to directly answer each other's questions, whether it gives people a sense of justification. Do not answer or directly answer questions, appropriate points.
(4) Cooperation (20 points)
Whether there is team spirit, whether they can support each other, whether the debate is smoothly connected, whether the speeches in the free debate are patchwork, whether the answers form an organic whole, and give the other party a powerful blow.
(5) Debate (10)
The language is fluent, the words and intonation are appropriate, and the speech speed is moderate; Respect the opponent's debater, judges and audience; The performance is decent and generous, with a good sense of humor.
2. Individual score (100)
(1) Debate skills (40 points)
Whether the debater's language is fluent, whether his thinking is clear, whether he can analyze, understand and understand the debate from multiple angles and levels, whether his narrative is hierarchical and organized, and whether his argument is convincing.
(2) Contents and materials (20 points)
Whether the demonstration is sufficient, reasonable, appropriate and powerful, and whether the cited materials are detailed.
(3) Expression and manner (20 points)
Whether the debater's expressions and gestures are appropriate, natural and generous, not unreasonable, respect each other, respect the judges and the audience, and have a sense of humor.
(4) Free debate (20 points)
Whether you always stick to your own position, actively, accurately and tactfully refute the other party's point of view, with clear thinking, firm position, correct logic and flexible response.
Seven, the rules of free debate
1. The total time for free debate is 8 minutes, with each team accounting for 4 minutes.
2. Free debate must be conducted alternately. When the free debate begins, any member of the positive side will stand up and speak. After that, any opposing member should speak immediately, and both sides will take turns to speak until both sides run out of time.
3. Free debate time, the order, times and time of each debater are unlimited.
4. When a team speaks for only 30 seconds, there will be a bell prompt. When the team's speaking time ends, the bell will serve as a warning and the team should stop speaking immediately.
5. If one team has run out of speaking time and another team still has time, one or more members of the team can continue to speak until the team runs out of time.
Debaters should make full use of this free debate time, strengthen their arguments concisely and clearly, and refute each other's arguments. If you attack in the air, you will deliberately avoid the other side's questions, resulting in speech confusion, which will affect the performance of the team.
Eight, bid evaluation procedures
(1) After the competition, the members of the jury will fill in the relevant items in the scoring table one by one, and then leave the competition for comments, exchanges and rulings.
1. The judges will add the individual scores of the players of each team, calculate the scores of each player and each team, and judge the "excellent debater" and "winning team" according to the performance of the debaters of both sides on the court, and fill in the scoring table.
2. The jury collectively elected a judge to analyze the competition and make a judgment speech.
3. Submit the scoring table containing the list of "excellent debaters" and "winning teams" in this competition to the host.
The host announced the list of "excellent debaters" and "winning teams" in this competition, announced the list of teams entering the next competition, and announced the end of this competition.
(2) After the final, the "best debaters" and excellent teams will be judged. The jury has the highest authority, and each team should respect the decision of the jury.
Extended content
Questioning Skills in Debate Competition
First, reverse thinking.
In the process of analyzing the position, the debater should have a basic concept of which controversial issues have the opportunity to develop into "possible issues", and the preparation of the issues should focus on these possible issues. For example, in the debate on the advantages and disadvantages of college students' entrepreneurship, the debate team should design questions for our main topic "College students' entrepreneurship will enhance their ability to resist setbacks even if they fail" and the other party's possible main topic "College students' entrepreneurship will cause academic distraction". If these two questions do appear as expected, you can answer them with questions prepared in advance.
In other words, the more prepared you are and the more questions you guess, the more you can rely on the situation prepared in advance, not just improvise. Therefore, when preparing questions, debaters should not start with the "question design" of "how should I ask and what should I ask", but should first think about "what should I ask", that is, think about the results first and then think about the questions. This way of preparing questions from the results is the so-called "reverse thinking". Generally speaking, the more important topic of attack and defense, that is, the more important topic of asking questions, is an important tool for the debate team to attack opponents and defend their arguments when asking questions.
Second, lay a good foundation.
Next, the debater should figure out how to ask the questions he wants to ask. As mentioned above, the basic process of debate or argument is to let the other side admit what they disagree with through what both sides agree with (from "first knowledge" to "second knowledge"). Therefore, the best argument has three elements: undeniable basis; Irrefutable "inference" and the inevitable proposition arising from it. Simply put, the "architecture" advocated must be built on a solid "foundation" that emphasizes foundation and inference. And questioning is an effective means to build ground buildings.
For example, if we respond to the way that "college students' entrepreneurship will cause academic distraction, so the disadvantages outweigh the advantages", it is that "many things will cause distraction to college students, so distraction does not constitute a reason that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages", and this is the building we are trying to build. And how to get the other side to accept this idea? Analogy is a possible method. If we take boyfriend and girlfriend, playing ball and joining a club as an analogy, emphasizing these things will also distract college students, but it is not considered that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. The debater can ask-
Q: Another debater, do you have a girlfriend?
A: Yes.
Q: Do you take the time to have a girlfriend?
I know how to allocate time. (Respondents intend to escape)
Q: Will there be any college students who have girlfriends and can't take care of their studies? (The questioner is unmoved and continues to ask questions from other college students. )
A: Not the same ... (Respondents avoid questions)
Q: Please answer my question. Are there any college students who will delay their studies because they have boyfriends and girlfriends? (The questioner was unmoved and asked the same question again)
Well, it's possible, but ...
Q: Thank you, I got the answer I wanted.
When establishing the foundation, the most commonly used problem is "analogical argument". If the other party can't deny the analogy and prove that the two can't be compared, he can't avoid the proposition that the advantages of making male and female friends outweigh the disadvantages. If boyfriend and girlfriend, ball games and joining a club, which most people don't think do more harm than good, do more harm than good according to each other's logic, then the external coherence of their debates will be seriously damaged.
Third, never ask questions you don't know the answer to.
The so-called "never ask yourself a question that you don't know the answer to" often refers to the fact that the other party can't deny as the basis for asking. "Are there any college students who will delay their studies because of making boyfriend and girlfriend" is obviously "yes" in the "known" answer of the average person, so the other party cannot deny it. Besides what most people know, it will be difficult to deny what the other party said, which can also be used as a basis for questioning. For example:
Q: You just mentioned that "the goal of punishment education is more important than the goal of revenge?" It's hard to deny what they said.
Q: So when the two conflict, the educational goal should take precedence? This is a repetition of the same statement, which is equally hard to deny.
Q: Excuse me, if a thief has served his sentence (the goal of revenge has been completed) and has not broken any laws, is it necessary to let him out of prison? At this time, there are two possible answers. The questioner speculates that he will answer "yes", but if he answers "no", it will be contradictory and more beneficial to the questioner. )
Q: Is it possible that he hasn't changed (the educational goal has not been completed)? (Because the "intensity" of this question is very low (possible), it will be difficult for the other party not to answer "yes")
Q: Then why did you let him out of prison? (whether the other party answers or not will expose contradictions. )
Patience is very important when designing a series of questions to lay the foundation. If the problem effect can be achieved, even if the number of series of problems is extended, it will not hurt. After completing the preliminary design of the question, the debater can play the role of questioner and respondent to test whether there are obvious omissions in the question, which is easy to give the other party an opportunity. Through the above-mentioned preparation process of "keeping the goal in mind → laying the foundation → designing questions → question-and-answer drills", before the official start of the competition, the debater should have multiple sets of questions on important issues and be prepared.
Generally speaking, we can divide the content of questions into two categories, one is offensive, improvising and deconstructing the other side's arguments, and the other is defensive, preparing to induce the other side to admit our arguments and develop their own logic before the game. The function of the first kind of questions is to force the other party to develop their own logic, and to prove it through constant questions, so as to cut off the weak points in the logic chain or determine the other party's answers, so that the other party loses room for manoeuvre.
Example: (debate: economic globalization makes competition more than cooperation)
Q: May I ask your opponent, what is your standard of comparison today?
A: Obviously, cooperation can promote social development more than competition.
Q: This is a value standard, isn't it?
A: Yes.
Q: Today's debate is a factual proposition, and you put forward a value standard. How do you measure a factual proposition with a value standard?
A: ...
Because this kind of questioning is organized on the spot, it depends largely on the personal strength of the attacker and the defender. Reluctantly dismantled, it gave the other party a chance to develop its own logic, otherwise it would be chaotic. The second kind of questions consists of a series of closed questions and one or two open questions. The effect is either to put the other side in a dilemma, or to admit our point of view, or to violate the rules of public experience. This requires careful organization before the game.
Example: (debate: economic development takes precedence over environmental protection)
Q: What are the main contradictions in China today? (Open-ended questions)
A: It is the contradiction between people's growing material and cultural needs and backward social productive forces.
Q: Should we solve the major contradiction or the minor contradiction first? (also closed)
A: Principal contradiction
A: So do you want to solve this major contradiction by developing the economy or protecting the environment?
A: ... (You can think about how to break this trap)
The second question type takes into account the winning result and expands its own bottom line, but the serial questions are difficult to design. When you meet experienced respondents, they will not answer according to your expected answers!
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