Darwin's father was a doctor (have you found a rule that most philosophers and scientists are relatives of doctors), but he studied theology in his early years. He loves insects, flowers and birds since he was a child, but he is often understood by the principal as active and disobedient. In college, he also studied geology, which laid the foundation for his later investigation.
By chance, he was invited to travel to the coast of South America. At his repeated requests, Darwin's parents gave him a small sponsorship fee as the cost of his long trip. I think they won't regret it. It can be said that without this voyage, we might not have Darwin now.
Personally, I think five people in Darwin's life had a great influence on him. First, his grandfather. His grandfather put forward the idea of animal and plant evolution long ago, but unfortunately he lacked an old iron who invited him to travel. I didn't find out how wonderful the outside world was, because there was not enough evidence, so there was no book to write.
Influenced by his family, Darwin deepened his grandfather's point of view. It may be because the development of science and technology needed a lot of fossil fuels at that time, and people accidentally discovered many fossils of paleontology when mining the mining area. Darwin found that the previous creatures were different from our present ones, and the geology was layer by layer. These signs show that the earth has existed for many years. As the chemistry teacher said, a small progress every day, ten days is a big progress. Half a centimeter high every day, which has been so high in the Himalayas for hundreds of millions of years. How else can you explain the remains of marine life in the Himalayas?
So he put forward the theory of evolution, and the styles of animals and plants are constantly adapting to the environment. First there is the primitive form, then there is natural selection, and the survival of the fittest.
Darwin found many surprises in his world voyage. In the Galapagos Islands, he found differences among turtles. There are also differences among birds that eat different fruits. At this time, it is necessary for us to quit Lyle, the second most important person. He said that small changes can make big changes over a long period of time. The third person thinks that the shape of a creature changes according to needs, but the giraffe's neck comes from Duan Lian, and this characteristic can be inherited. Can our newly trained vest abdominal muscles be passed on to the next generation?
Darwin believed that what was acquired the day after tomorrow could not be inherited. It's just that our genes have suddenly changed, and if those changes are more adapted to the environment, they will be preserved. Among them, the important mutation process and elimination process. Therefore, there are many animals and plants with great advantages for children and grandchildren. Let's start with the fourth person who influenced him. Franklin felt that the biosphere was in a state of equilibrium without external influence, which could also explain why frogs laid thousands of eggs at a time without floods. Some of them were eliminated because they didn't adapt to the environment, which also accelerated the evolution of organisms.
Common sense, the mosquito killer at home should have different uses, which is a truth. Mosquitoes developed drug resistance after long-term use of mosquito killers and had to change their strategies to deal with them.
Junior high school biology introduced a very important Miller experiment, which proved that primitive life came from primitive ocean. Lightning combined with geothermal energy makes some inorganic substances react to produce organic substances, and then step by step from single cell to multi-cell, from aquatic to terrestrial. Although cells replicate themselves in the process of differentiation, there are also subtle mutations, and countless accidents have led to the colorful world now.
People living in this world, like a boat full of genes, pass on the DNA handed down by their ancestors to the next generation (you may change something).
In a way, Freud called him a psychologist. He began to study neurology and develop psychology very early.
Remember Hume? Hume believes that people make choices not only because of reason, but also because of emotion. Freud also believes that irrational impulses often affect the development of events. He called this mysterious force the driving force.
Two months ago, I went to Nanchang to attend a lecture on picture books given by Peng Yi. There is a book called Strange Mountain. The protagonist of this book is four children. One day, while playing, a little girl fell into a crack in the rock and the other three children didn't save her. The shadow of this incident troubled them for a long time, and then the three of them rescued the little girl.
Maybe everyone has a history that they don't want to talk about, which has been suppressed for many years, but we have to face it bravely. Freud believed that for patients with internal injuries, we should let them know about the past, solve problems and let the wounds heal slowly. Just like a line in Empresses in the Palace, heart disease should be treated with drugs. Heart disease still needs our own correct understanding.
Freud suggested that there are three kinds of personality. The first one is the ID, which only cares about its own happiness and does whatever it takes, such as crying. Later generations became realistic and realized that they should control themselves after contacting the society. We learned not to cry, so we had ourselves. When our moral standards are implemented in our hearts and actions, it is the realm of superego.
We often say the wrong thing in life. According to Freud, there is nothing wrong with saying something. On the contrary, your casual words reveal your deepest thoughts. Maybe you don't even realize it. This is the subconscious. Sometimes we are encouraged by ourselves, that is, the subconscious. Sometimes, we do something wrong, but it still implies that you are not so responsible. It's their fault. Rationalizing your behavior in this way is also a manifestation of the subconscious. Sometimes, you will care that your shortcomings are reflected in others. For example, if you are not tall, you may care more about your height, your grades are not good, and you will care more about your grades.
Then, as the ancients in China said, telling the truth after drinking really contains Freud's thoughts. Is the subconscious mind a sinner who exposes privacy? No, if we suppress the subconscious, there will be diseases. Dayu uses water to control water, not to block it. We should also learn to leave a gap between consciousness and subconscious.
Freud had a good view of dreams, so he published Analysis of Dreams. As for what kind of book it is, I haven't read it, but it shouldn't be such a book as China and the Duke of Zhou. In his view, dreams are simulated experiences of things we have been longing for for for a long time. So we can understand our hearts through dreams. Like Socrates, he urged people to know themselves by asking questions. After all, no one knows your story better than you.
For artists, Freud believed that artists did not control consciousness, but demanded randomness in order to create better works. Our art cannot be suppressed by reason. So, when an ambitious young man flies in the street at midnight? Have a dream when you get home. Almost half an artist.
Modern philosophy is generally the philosophy after the twentieth century. The philosophy of this period was influenced by Kierkegaard and Hegel.
First, let's talk about Nietzsche. Nietzsche doesn't like religion. He believes that religion is nothing but demagoguery and something divorced from reality. We should pay attention to the present and morality itself. So he didn't agree with Hegel's theory and thought that it was wrong for history to influence the future. We are ourselves, the present, unaffected by other things. And a strong man like him will not be dragged down. Perhaps the ethnic cleansing in Germany was also influenced by his thoughts, which made his thoughts absolute.
Next, let me talk about Sartre. Sartre's assumption has serious problems. One eye is squint and two eyes are highly myopic. He was deeply poisoned by Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, and later fell into the pit of existentialism. Sartre thinks that only real things can think, which is contrary to Descartes' "I think, therefore I am". On the contrary, I think because I exist. Sartre thinks that the essence of things is worth discussing, and whether they exist or not is also worth discussing, but sometimes it is not so important to ask the source of things.
Hegel said before that human beings will not be perfect if they are divorced from the masses. Sartre thinks so too. He thinks that as an existence, if we exist in a world that doesn't exist, how lonely it will be. This feeling of being divorced from the masses is "alienation".
Spinoza believes that people are free only when they decide whether to abide by moral standards. Sartre also thinks that we just keep doing multiple-choice questions all our lives. But there is no standard answer to this multiple-choice question, and you are responsible for every choice you make. If you give up the exam, you will become an ordinary generation. If you are serious, yes, congratulations and get a free gift package.
Sartre thinks that we can only make choices for success, and we can't find reasons for failure. He also put forward a point very similar to Freud's, that our inner hints will affect what we see.
Simon Bova took Sartre's view that people have no nature to the extreme. And derived the view of gender equality. Since people have no nature, people are born with no difference. With the same education, men can do laundry and cook, and women can earn money to support their families.
The story of modernist philosophy ends here, all the philosophy courses in Sophie's world. In the future, our ideas need to be written by actions. Come on! ! ! ! !
I hope that after this summer, you will continue to love life with a pair of curious eyes and philosophical thinking!