Damage caused by shear wave (transverse seismic force). Shear wave is the horizontal swing of damaged buildings, which is very destructive. It is equivalent to exerting a horizontal repeated force on the building. When its size and deformation exceed the limit of the bottom wall and column, the whole building will tilt or fall, which will lead to damage.
Damage caused by longitudinal waves (vertical seismic forces). Longitudinal waves jolted the building up and down. If the vertical stability of the building is not very good and the earthquake force is strong, the dynamic load of the bottom column and wall will be increased instantly, and the self-weight of the upper part will be superimposed. When the bearing capacity of the bottom column and the wall is exceeded, the bottom wall column will collapse, leading to damage.