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There were too many mysteries in ancient Egypt, as if they had been inspired and protected by God.
"The sky shines its own light on you so that you can reach the sky, just like God's eyes." -"Inscription on the Pyramid"
The mystery of the pyramids makes the world curious, and it has been the object of exploration and research by archaeologists since ancient times. People want to know how the pyramids were built and why the Pharaoh's body was put in the pyramids. What is the impact on human beings? Can people get a richer life? In addition, there are some mysteries in Egypt, even mysteries among mysteries, which arouse the interest of the world.
pyramid
The Egyptian pyramids were built in very distant ancient times and are the "ancestors" of western architecture. People trace the origin of classical architectural art back to ancient Egypt. After 5000 years, the important architectural relics of ancient Egypt still amaze and study people.
In the early history of ancient Egypt, there was a stage called the "ancient kingdom" period, which was a prosperous and powerful era. At that time, the pharaohs were keen to build monuments and tombs for themselves, so they built the earliest grand memorial building in human history-the pyramids. Today, 4,500 years later, there are still more than 60 pyramids in the desert around Cairo, Egypt. The most famous of these are the three pyramids of Giza. They stand high in the clear sky, just like the peaks in the mountains. They are very tall. It is higher than St Peter's Cathedral in Rome, the largest Christian church in the world.
Since ancient times, the pyramids have been called one of the seven wonders of the world. People can't imagine how the ancient Egyptians built this magnificent project, which is rare in the world, in such a distant era when the engineering technology level was only crude. At that time, the builders had no lifting equipment, pulleys or even wheels. How did they lift a big stone equivalent to 10 cars to the pyramid? So some people suspect that the pyramid is a landing sign abandoned by aliens.
In addition, the accurate digital computing system and the accuracy of pyramid construction technology embodied by regular pyramid modeling have been studied, praised and admired again and again. As far as the Great Pyramid is concerned, the side length of its base is 755 feet, the average deviation between the actual size and the design drawings is less than 5 inches, and the deviation rate is only 0.0 1%, which is less than the error of modern architecture. Why not be amazing? It is hard to imagine that people created such a great architectural miracle in the ancient primitive stone age.
According to the study of Egyptian antiquarians, the construction of the pyramids originated from the myth of ancient Egypt: Osiris, the king of ancient Egypt, was killed by his evil brother, dismembered and thrown into the Nile. Queen Isis was heartbroken. She found the body and wept bitterly, touching the sun god. So the gods helped her restore the body to a corpse and make it into a mummy. Osiris was reborn and became the master of the underworld. Since then, after the death of every Pharaoh, Osiris myth has to be performed once, mummified, put into a sarcophagus, and then sent to the "permanent residence"-the pyramid. The ancient Egyptians believed that in this way, the Pharaoh's soul could live forever and be resurrected in heaven after 3000 years.
The ancient Egyptians' belief in eternal life after death determines the form of the pyramid: it must be able to properly preserve the remains, especially the funerary objects accompanying the remains. In the eyes of ancient Egyptians, life in the underworld is similar to that on earth, and everything used by the deceased before his death should be ready-made. Therefore, every Pharaoh's tomb has gathered huge wealth, which has become the coveted goal of grave robbers in past dynasties. The form of tombs of pharaohs in ancient Egypt changed again and again, just to deal with grave robbers and compete for wisdom. In order not to disturb the "soul" of Pharaoh, but also to satisfy Pharaoh's growing desire for power. The form of pyramids has experienced the evolution from small to large, from bricks to boulders.
The famous "stepped pyramid" is the tomb of Fa Laozhao. It is the earliest stone pyramid and the prototype of the later famous Giza pyramid. "Zhaosaier Pyramid" is the masterpiece of Imhotep, minister and chief architect of Zhaosaier. Because of his outstanding architecture, Imhotep is regarded as the most respected saint in Egypt, and his deeds are widely celebrated in Egypt. Later, he was even deified as the son of Puta. The Greeks worshipped him and compared him to the Greek god of medicine. Like all ancient cultural giants, Imhotep is proficient in many industries, such as astronomers and doctors.
The pyramid of Zhao Saier sets an example for the perfect pyramid of Giza. For quite some time after that, the pharaohs spent their main energy and financial resources on the construction of the pyramids. The shape of the pyramid is getting bigger and bigger, concise and close to the characteristics of stone. It is this generation after generation of efforts for national strength that has made the world see these miracles so far.
From the 27th century to the 26th century BC, the ancient Egyptians built three largest pyramids in Giza. The Great Pyramid is the tomb of Khufu, the second king of the fourth dynasty. It was built around 2690 BC and its original height was 146.5 meters. Due to years of weathering, the top of it peeled off 10 m, and now it is 136.5 m high. Each side of the base is more than 230 meters long, the slope of the triangular surface is 5 1 degree, and the bottom area of the tower is 52,900 square meters. This tower consists of 2.3 million stones, each of which weighs 10 ton on average. It is said that it took 65438+ ten thousand people 30 years to build it. The passage inside the pyramid is open to the outside world. The paragraphs are exquisitely designed and calculated, which is amazing.
The second pyramid is the tomb of King Ha Raf, son of Khufu. It was built in 2650 BC, 3 meters lower than the former, but the architectural form is more perfect and spectacular. There are temples, famous sphinxes and other ancillary buildings in front of the tower. The Sphinx refers to khalaf. Its body is a lion, 22 meters high and 57 meters long. The statue has only one ear and is 2 meters high. Except for the lion's claws, the whole statue is carved from natural rocks. Because the stone is loose, it has gone through more than 4 thousand years, and the whole statue has been severely weathered. In addition, the face was severely damaged. Some people say that Ma Mruck used it as a target to practice shooting, while others said that it was a trace left by the shelling when Napoleon invaded Egypt in the18th century.
The third pyramid belongs to the grandson of King Meng Koala, which was built around 2600 BC. At that time, it was the decline of the fourth dynasty, and pyramid architecture began to decline. The height of the Mongolian koala pyramid suddenly dropped to 66 meters, and the internal structure was chaotic.
There is a famous museum-Sunboat Museum in the south of pyramid of khufu. Legend has it that Khufu's son transported Khufu's mummy to the pyramid for burial in a solar boat. Then the ship was taken apart and buried underground. The museum was built on the site unearthed by the sun boat. The hull is made of pure wood structure and tied with ropes.
These three pyramids are all square pyramids, of which pyramid of khufu is the largest. Pyramid of khufu's accuracy is very high. It is said that the error of its side length and angle is no more than a person's thumb. The boulders are so tightly spliced that even a coin can't be inserted. This proves that the pyramids were built with high technology and extraordinary design techniques. And these are by no means just using slaves and simple physical labor. So how the pyramids were built is an eternal mystery. The two pyramids, khalaf and Mengkoala, stand side by side, and their four sides are facing the basic points in the east, west, north and south directions, which are diagonally connected, forming a magnificent artificial peak, which is scattered among the blue sky and yellow sand.
On the endless beach, on the platform about 30 meters high, the pyramids are solemn, simple, solemn and detached. The images of the pyramids have left a deep and indelible impression on those who have seen them. Although it is the simplest geometric figure, it expresses the noblest theme. The ancient Egyptians endowed these huge stones that once slept on the beach with eternal vitality. 4000 years later, with the dream of building a great empire, Napoleon led his army to this mysterious land of Egypt. At this time, Egypt was already the territory of Turks, and the civilization of ancient Egypt had long been annihilated. However, the pyramids of Giza, which have been half hidden in the sand, still aroused the passion of the invaders. Legend has it that Napoleon faced the Muslim cavalry who came to fight and pointed to the old and eternal pyramid and said to his soldiers, "4000 years of history is contemptuous of you!" " "
With the decline of ancient Egyptian civilization, the pyramids have long since broken away from the mysterious significance of facing the underworld at the beginning of construction and become a symbol of ancient human civilization. But it brought endless disasters to the Egyptian people at that time. Herodotus, an ancient Greek traveler and historian, roamed Egypt before Napoleon in 2000. According to his records, 654.38+ten thousand people worked continuously for 30 years in the flood season of the Nile in order to complete the huge project in pyramid of khufu. Millions of huge stones in the pyramids were built by manpower in the age without any engineering equipment, which exhausted the resources of three long dynasties in Egypt and made Egypt desolate, "as if it had experienced the catastrophe of a war." Of course, this is just a statement.
After that, the tradition of building pyramids changed, and the later pyramids were much inferior. As the enthusiasm for building pyramids faded, the pharaohs devoted their "excess" energy to the construction and decoration of temples. Just as they once built pyramids on a large scale, the temples in ancient Egypt were also small on a large scale. They are low, depressed and dark, especially filled with huge columns that are unusually thick and bloated. The huge columns filled the space of the temple, making people breathless. Giant columns and pyramids actually appear at the same time, but they have a greater and far-reaching impact on western architectural art. Later, it not only ran through the history of ancient Egypt, but also directly influenced the architectural forms of Greece.
God-inspired civilization
Who built the pyramids?
The pyramids have always been regarded as the crystallization of the wisdom of the working people in ancient Egypt. Herodotus, the "father of western historiography", recorded this way 2000 years ago: When Khufu built the pyramids, he forced all Egyptians to work for him, and 65,438+10,000 people worked as a group for three months. In this way, countless ancient Egyptian slaves shipped huge stones from Arabian Mountain, transported them to the construction site with the help of animal power and rolling wood, and then piled the sand of the fourth Zhou Tianran site into an inclined plane, pulled the huge stones along the inclined plane to the pyramid, piled a layer of slopes and built a layer of stones, and gradually raised the pyramid. In this way, it took 30 years to build a miracle that surprised future generations.
But in recent years, archaeologists have found a large number of tools for measuring, calculating and processing stone tools in the funerary objects of pyramid tombs, which shows that these tombs are the builders of pyramids. At the same time, some primitive metal surgical instruments and evidence of the treatment of the deceased after fracture were also found, indicating that these deceased received good medical care before their death. This discovery naturally questioned the previous view that the builders of the pyramids were slaves in ancient Egypt. Because in ancient Egypt, it was impossible for slaves with low status to have medical opportunities, let alone be buried after death. In addition, it is estimated that the pyramids were built with at least 2.3 million stones, each weighing about 65,438+00 tons. When pyramid of khufu was built, there were no lifting tools in the world. If all this is done by nearly 10,000 masonry workers, even if the workers can push 10 boulder weighing 10 ton every day, it will take nearly 700 years. I believe Pharaoh can work out such a simple number. Why did they build this tomb that they could not enjoy before their death?
Who is the creator of the pyramid miracle? How was this miracle created? Some people say that it is a masterpiece of mysterious extraterrestrial civilization, while others insist that it is the credit of ancient Egyptian slaves. Whether it is true or not is inconclusive. The pyramids have become a huge cloud of doubt in the sky of human civilization, waiting for people to continue to explore.
"What animal walks on four legs in the morning, two legs at noon and three legs at night" is a difficult problem left by the sphinx in Greek mythology. She kept asking passers-by the same question. If the person asked can't answer, she will eat the traveler. One day, Oedipus passed by, and the Sphinx tested him with this riddle as usual. But Oedipus' answer quickly gave the answer, which was "people". Because people crawl with their hands and feet in infancy, walk on two legs when they grow up, and have to rely on crutches when they are old. Oedipus' wisdom suppressed the Sphinx, and she committed suicide after hearing this answer.
However, in ancient Egyptian mythology, the meaning of the Sphinx is quite different. In ancient Egypt, lions were the guardians of the world and the underground world. To become a god after death, Pharaoh must be free from external interference. Therefore, the Sphinx became the best gatekeeper.
Ancient Egyptian murals-the story of Pharaoh
The true face of the sphinx
According to tradition, the Sphinx is a huge stone statue with the faces of the lion and Pharaoh khalaf on it. It was built 4500 years ago, during the reign of King Khalaf. But in history, it was buried by yellow sand for a long time, and it was not excavated and cleaned by Dodd Moses IV of the 12 dynasty in Egypt until around 1400 BC. It is said that when Dodd Moses IV was a prince, he was tired of hunting in the desert one day and slept on the head of the Sphinx buried in the yellow sand. In his sleep, he dreamed of the Sphinx and promised him that if he could save the Sphinx from the yellow sand, he would become a Pharaoh. When he woke up, he immediately set about excavating the Sphinx. Later, he really became a Pharaoh. This incident was recorded on the stone tablet between the huge forepaws of the Sphinx.
One of the evidences to prove that the Sphinx was built in khalaf is that in 1400 BC, Dodd Moses IV left an inscription on the stone tablet placed between the claws of the Sphinx. Now, there is only one line left in this inscription, and the word "Huff" can be vaguely distinguished. Later generations speculated that "Hefu" refers to Pharaoh khalaf. Another evidence is that when the riverside temple near the Sphinx was unearthed, a statue was found depicting khalaf himself as the God of the Sphinx.
But by 1905, the direct relationship between the Sphinx and khalaf was untenable. Archaeological findings In ancient documents, all the names of ancient Egyptian rulers without exception have a rectangular frame now called "emblem seal". But there is no such emblem outside the word "Haff", so "Haff" may not refer to a Pharaoh's name. The word "Haff" only means "rising" in ancient Egyptian writing.
From 65438 to 0992, Frank Domingo, a forensic expert in new york, made a thorough and detailed study on the head of Egyptian Pharaoh Khalaf and the face of the Sphinx. It turns out that these two people are so different that they can't be the same person, which means that the "face" is not khalaf. Therefore, the archaeologist's previous judgment on its face was obviously wrong.
The Sahara used to be rainy.
1In August, 992, Dr. Xiuqi, a geologist from Boston University, drew an amazing and convincing conclusion according to the characteristics and corrosion degree of the Sphinx: The Sphinx appeared at the latest in the early stage of the last rainy season in Egyptian history, that is, it was built from 7000 BC to 5000 BC. His evidence is that the erosion edge of the Sphinx is round and blunt, showing a downward wave shape, and some erosion traces are deep, reaching the deepest point of 2 meters. In addition, the upper part is eroded more, and the lower part is not so eroded. The Sphinx will not be exposed to the air for more than 1000 years at most, and the rest will be buried in the sand. If it was really built in khalaf Dynasty and was eroded by sandstorms, other limestone buildings in the same period should be eroded to the same extent. However, none of the buildings of the ancient dynasty were seriously eroded like the Sphinx.
It can be concluded that the erosion marks on the Sphinx are typical rain erosion marks. But the most unacceptable part of this argument is that the Sahara desert has existed for thousands of years. In fact, since 3000 BC, there has not been enough rainfall on the Giza Plateau to cause the erosion of the Sphinx. Are the erosion marks on the Sphinx traces of the Nile flooding in history? But archaeologists immediately denied this speculation, because the erosion ways of flood and rain are obviously different, and the erosion of the bottom by flood is much more serious than that of the top. In fact, the top of the pyramid has obviously been eroded more. There seems to be only one possibility: the Sphinx has indeed been seriously eroded by the rain.
At some point in history, Egypt suffered from continuous heavy rain. Surprisingly, this time happened to be 10500 BC. During this period of human history, great climate changes have taken place on the earth-melting glaciers and flooding. Because the last ice age ended 12500 years ago, before that, the climate conditions had been stable for 50 thousand years. At that time, Northern Europe and North America were covered by millions of square kilometers of glaciers. But suddenly, the glacier melted and lasted for 2000 years, causing an unimaginable flood, perhaps the one described in the Bible.
If the Sphinx can be traced back to the end of the Ice Age in BC 10500, why is its head a Pharaoh's face and decoration? After observing the head of the statue, we can find that the preservation of the head is obviously much better than the body. Although the gray stone used in the head is stronger, it is far less worn than the body. The proportion of head and body is also somewhat uncoordinated. The proportion of the head to the body is very small. From the air, its head looks like a tiny needle, while its body looks long and flat, with obvious traces of water erosion. It seems that it can be inferred that the head of the Sphinx was not an original accessory, but was carefully reconstructed and recreated by some craftsmen at a special stage in history.
All this may happen like this: before Egypt became a desert, Giza was a fertile prairie; Its outer edge is a rock bed, where a group of masons carved a huge head, that is, the head of a god or the head of a lion. Huge limestone was cut neatly and transported here piece by piece, some of which actually weighed more than 200 tons. These stones seem to be easily lifted and placed on the pyramids. Just like the Sphinx, the temple in front of it also retains the imprint of an earlier period. At the end of the ice age, tens of thousands of years before the pyramids were built, they were weathered and eroded by rain. The flood overflowed the lion and formed the shape we see today.