There are two concepts: broad sense and narrow sense. Prose in a broad sense refers to all articles that do not rhyme in ancient times. However, there was no such name as "prose" in ancient times; The name "Prose" came into being during the May 4th Movement. In modern times, prose in a broad sense includes all narrative, argumentative and lyrical styles except poetry, novel, drama and film and television literature. For example, Qin Mu said in "Generalized Prose Field" that "all short essays that do not belong to other literary genres but have literary flavor belong to the category of prose". In this way, there is a classification of lyric prose, narrative prose and argumentative prose. Prose in a narrow sense refers to lyric prose. This is because with the development of style, the communication characteristics, biographical literature and reportage in narrative prose have all developed into independent styles, each of which has become a category; Argumentative essay has a special name-prose, which is also separated from prose, leaving only lyric prose, that is, narrow prose.
Prose is a wonderful flower in literature. China's literature has traces of prose for a long time, such as Ouyang Xiu's Zuiweng Pavilion, Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower and so on. But the most successful is Xu Xiake's travel notes. Although this article belongs to the category of travel notes, in content and thought, it broke away from the simple lyrical article of borrowing scenery and created a new genre of prose.
Since modern times, a large number of essayists have emerged in China. Such as Zhu Ziqing, Yang Shuo and Ai Qing. Some of their works are fresh and beautiful, and some are profound and dignified. But they all recorded and admired the establishment, growth and development of the new China. This has a profound influence on the later prose style.
To sum up, there are two main aspects worthy of attention in prose, namely genre and style.
Let's talk about genre first. There are several prose genres now. There are essays, modal particles, travel notes, narrative lyricism and so on. With the author's different feelings, the definition of each essay is different.
In a few words, speak your mind, such prose is very essence, and complement modern poetry; Delicate and meticulous artistic conception, such prose is very concise, the author must have profound meaning, and must be understood in combination with the topic.
Talk about style. There are fresh, dignified, joyful, sad, positive, lonely and countless. But there is a purpose, that is, the writing must be beautiful and the article must be smooth. The shape is scattered but the spirit is not scattered. There must be a finishing touch at the end, highlighting the theme and reflecting the idea of this article.
In fact, life is like wine, and articles are like tea. A successful good article is a good article as long as it can attract readers' attention. Although prose has its own unique laws and categories, who is not moved by it as long as it is written from the heart? The same is true of awkward sentences in ancient poetry.
What is prose? Prose is the soul writing on paper!
How to write prose?
A, feel life, feel happiness
-Prose writing should have rich feelings.
This is a true story. A chubby ten-year-old man suddenly shouted at a table full of delicious food, "I want to die." I ate all the dishes. What's the point of living? " My mother was shocked and went to consult a psychologist. The doctor prescribed a patch of medicine "simple tea and light rice" and said, "This is a psychological obstacle-I can't feel happiness. There are still many people suffering from this disease. " After reading this story, we can't help feeling that my mother's heart is great, but her greatness has been lost by some excessive care and love. Sons and women are used to this kind of care and love, which is a terrible numbness. Xiaopang is born without knowing happiness, and doesn't understand maternal love at all, let alone happiness. Are there chubby students? To write a good composition, you must first have a sensitive heart. Now, the life of middle school students seems very boring. 3: 0 1, family (dormitory)-teacher-canteen. Coupled with the heavy pressure of exam-oriented education, it is easy to fall into a state of mechanical numbness. Students may say, what's the good feeling? However, if you can observe and feel carefully, there are many beautiful feeling waves in the sea of Wang Yang where you study and live. What matters is how to capture it sensitively. "Between teachers and students" is an eternal topic in school life. There are so many things between teachers and students in and out of class, and the friendship between teachers and students is so deep over time, but why not "take it lightly and teach by example"? Because I have become accustomed to it and turned a blind eye, I have never tasted it carefully. Students must remember several details in My Teacher written by Wei Wei, and how delicate the author's feelings are. He really wrote about the children's psychology and felt that Teacher Cai loved them, so Teacher Cai held the whip high and landed it gently on the slate. In fact, a teacher's gesture and devotion to a specific scene will give students a unique feeling, but you usually don't notice it.
"Parents' love" is also an enduring writing motif. The reason why Zhu Ziqing's "The Back" became a classic about family affection is that the author expressed his long-standing feelings for his father's love through ordinary communication between father and son, which was touching. Lev tolstoy said, "The feelings experienced by the author have infected the audience and listeners, which is art." Students, when you go out to travel and study and leave home, your parents, who don't want to say goodbye, are busy with this and that, lest you be thoughtless, maybe you will feel impatient or redundant. We must not be as numb as Xiao Pang. Everything our parents do is because they love you deeply. Maybe you have to wait until it's inconvenient to live outside before you can appreciate your parents' good intentions. Think about how happy you are for those children who have no parents. A look, a greeting, a gift and an ornament in life all contain their own unique meanings. If you feel it with your heart, your heart will guide your actions.
How can I enrich my feelings?
(1) Stimulate interest in things around you, pay attention to observation and feel with your heart. Observation can enrich your feelings. Life is dull, even boring, but if you can observe and feel it carefully, you will find that the colorful world was born in this dullness. Keeping a diary can capture the waves in daily life, make the mind sensitive and the emotions delicate.
(2) Awaken compassion. Because sympathy is the heavy hammer of heart tremor, sympathy is a kind of nature and the starting point of all people's feelings. It is not only aimed at the weak, but also the concern and pity for good things in essence. Shelley once helped a blind man. When a blind man begged, he said, "I have been blind since I was a child, and my life is very hard." As a result, I got very little. Shelley changed it for him. "Spring has come, but I can't see it." The giver is like a cloud. Because Shelley put himself in the other's shoes and imagined how painful it would be if he couldn't see with his eyes, it was a feeling, and Shelley inspired people's sympathy with his own feelings. Students, when you donate money for Project Hope, do you feel that helping others is a kind of happiness? Savor life carefully, and the ripples in your heart will ripple. The long river of life can be without wind, waves and roar, but it can't be without tiny ripples. Let them jump in the river of your life forever, feel life and feel happiness, which is the premise of conceiving prose.
B, who is dancing with color training?
-the internal clues of prose writing
After the summer rain, dark clouds fly away, the sun reappears, and beautiful rainbows often appear in the sky. Rainbow is formed by the reflection and refraction of sunlight in the air into water droplets. When it rains or after rain, the air is full of countless small water droplets that can refract sunlight. When sunlight passes through water droplets, it not only changes the direction of progress, but also decomposes into red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple light. If the angle is right, it will become a rainbow of "long bridge lying waves" The size of water droplets in the air determines the bright colors of rainbows. The bigger the water drops in the air, the brighter the rainbow; The smaller the water drop, if it is as big as a fog drop and the lighter the red color, it will form white red.
How similar prose writing is to the formation of rainbow. When the emotional sunshine is high and strong, or sincere words are lingering, or warm and bright, or gloomy and tactful, they will be reflected and refracted in the water drops of life. If you cut in at the right angle, you will be able to write a composition as beautiful as a rainbow. Of course, the water drops in life refer to people, things, things and scenery that can reflect thoughts and feelings, otherwise it can only be a pale and powerless article like Bai Hong. An excellent prose is emotional, and this kind of emotional sunshine-lyricism can be said to be the internal clue of prose. Without this feeling of sunshine, no matter how many and big the water droplets in life are, they can only be water droplets.
Emotional sunshine refers to sincere, natural and rich feelings. Prose writer Lin Fei said: "Prose creation is a literary style that pays attention to expressing inner experience and expressing emotions …" True feelings are the soul of prose. Zhao said: "Everyone has an emotional string in his heart, which will be touched by moving scenes in life from time to time. You can truly and vividly record the vibration of your inner strings in your own language, which will be a successful essay. Ba Jin's Random Thoughts is an excellent essay full of infinite vitality, which is reflected by the author's true feelings flowing from his heart. Look at the excellent works in the students' selections, whether it's Golden Prairie, Blessing, A Photo of Zhang Zhengui, not to mention Red Maple and Past Flowers, all of them are saturated with deep emotions. It is enough to show that any essay must have an internal emotional clue. Of course, we must achieve the unity of internal clues and external clues. External clues are writing clues (passage of time or space, plot development, etc. ), restricted by internal clues, always tightly buckle internal clues. For example, in the exercise "Mom and Dad", the young author conceived the article with his own growth experience as the external clue and his admiration and love for his parents as the internal clue, which is a narrative prose with sincere feelings.
Students, use your true feelings to penetrate flowers and trees, insects, fish, birds and animals, people and things, choose the right angle and express your true feelings in the right language, then you can "dance in the air with colorful exercises in your hands."
All roads lead to Rome.
-Writing papers should be flexible in form.
Students will never forget those football players who are flying on the court. They are all stunted and extraordinary, and their goal is to kick small football into the net. Among them,1.90m Argentine team batistuta jumped high and headed the ball into the net; Vieira of Italy, he shot long and kicked the ball into the net; Carlos, Brazil's gold left foot, lightning shot at close range; A Romanian team Haji volleyed the ball into the net four meters away; And Owen of England, gently pushed the ball to the bottom of the net. Stars can play with their heads up, their feet kicked, their long shots, their close attacks, their strength and their ingenuity. All roads lead to Rome.
Prose creation is also like playing football, and its form is free and flexible. As the famous writer Ling Ke said, "Prose is the freest, liveliest and most unconstrained of all literary styles. It can be a dagger and javelin, an exquisite world genre painting, or a serenade that gives people pleasure and rest. It can cheer, sing praises, shout, attack, ramble, pour out, sing softly, laugh and curse, and explain with witty remarks. It can be an exciting scenery, or it can flow quietly like a river in the moonlight. In the garden of prose, it is most suitable for the phenomenon of letting a hundred flowers blossom. "
But no matter what kind of structure or expression is adopted, its purpose is clear, that is, the article should be "clear-cut" and "more emotional" and like a window. "Through it, people can see farther and higher, see more things, and trigger deeper thinking and reverie." Prose can be expressed in narrative, descriptive, lyrical, argumentative and explanatory texts, and an article can focus on any one or two of them. For example, the Wisteria Waterfall in Zong Pu is a model of comprehensive utilization.
The structure, genre and theme of prose are also flexible and diverse. For example, Lu Xun's Mr. Fujino, Ba Jin's We Meet Commander Peng and Bing Xin's Little Orange Lantern all adopt a coherent narrative structure that changes with time and place; For example, Wei Wei's Who's the Loveliest Man, Qin Mu's Lyric on the Country Altar and Liu's Lamp are all combined structures with a red line strung by pearls of life, but they all express the main idea well. In the new period, people call it "the spring of prose art", and prose breaks through the creative mode of "matter-emotion-reason". In recent years, prose is a stream-of-consciousness structure influenced by "stream-of-consciousness" novels. That is, "free association" and "lyric monologue" caused by objective things or situations. For example, in the rain, I saw dandelions, Tokyo Nighttalk, Zhao's Soul of Poetry and so on. The "Youth Monologue" initiated by Cao Minghua is especially popular with young students. As far as the subject matter is concerned, it is the true revelation of one's own life experience, such as the selection of songs "The Beauty of Red Brown" and "The Coming of Youth". The author explores the multipolarization of self, including the joy of life, the expression of temperament, the epiphany of life and the deduction of philosophy. This essay style, as Huang Yufeng, a special-grade teacher, said: "The characteristics and writing of essays lie in the word" Sui ". Put a pen on a whim and stop there. Whether there is a theme or not, whether the structure is complete or not, whether the language is accurate or not, let your inner feelings flow freely ... ",can you say" There are laws to make, but not to write? " Friends, gather full of passion in the details of life and describe the sadness and suffering of life in a sincere tone. Absorb the essence of predecessors' creation, create your own unique writing ideas, and show your talents and spirit like a star, then you will be able to write articles that touch yourself and readers, and firmly believe that all roads lead to Rome.
How to write a good composition? Let me tell you something:
The artistic feature of prose is the blending of scenes, and the author's emotions are pinned on specific situations, so the author often has many ways to deal with these situations. In the teaching process, teachers guide students to master these methods through corresponding guidance, which is very important to help students learn to read and understand prose. It is summarized as follows in order to teach it to a generous family.
1, preferred
Different scenery naturally creates different situations, but the choice of scenery should be consistent with the emotional tone of the full text, so that the article can be integrated with the scenery.
For example, in the second, fifth and sixth paragraphs of Moonlight on the Lotus Pond, a lot of ink was used to write all the trees on the road and by the pond, but only poplar and willow were mentioned many times. Some of them had names, some didn't mention anything, and some "didn't know their names". Why does the author handle it this way? Because this article is to show the author's dissatisfaction with reality, the faint sadness of fantasy detachment, the faint joy of stealing a moment, and its atmosphere is quiet and quiet, so it is most appropriate to choose feminine plants Yang and Liu to express the simple and hazy artistic conception.
Another example is autumn in the old capital. Because the author pursues a clear, quiet and sad state of mind, he does not write warm red leaves in Xiangshan, nor do he write about parks and shopping malls where tourists are everywhere. Instead, I rented a shabby house to live in. Facing the blue morning glory with a broken waist, I thought that the color of the flower was blue or white, followed by purple and black, and the reddish one was the lowest. The rest of the scenery is also dominated by cool colors. This shows the author's painstaking efforts.
Step 2 combine
The combination of a single scene should win with a panoramic view. For example, in the fourth natural section of the banyan tree in my hometown, streams, pebbles, girls, ducks, stone bridges, stone tablets and small stone lions constitute a unique pastoral scenery, full of poetry and painting. Some articles contrast people's activities with monotonous natural scenery. For example, the "Cave Rain Play" in "Landscape Talk" shows the inner life of a man and a woman having a heart-to-heart conversation with a dreary rainy day, a lonely barren mountain and a primitive cave dwelling, and also makes nature colorful at once. In fact, there are more such famous sentences in ancient poetry. Walking in the morning on the good side of the mountain, the cock crows in Maodian and the frost on Banqiao is left out in the cold, outlines the artistic conception of the eastern countryside at dawn with six typical images, and vividly writes "Walking in the morning", which is really picturesque in poetry. Another example is Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiu Si", which says, "The old vine is faint and the bridge is flowing. The old road is thin, the sun is setting, and heartbroken people are at the end of the world. " 10 The noun is touching the scene, desolate and sad, and the image of a wanderer in a foreign land is lonely. The above poems don't use verbs, they all use nouns.
Step 3 set the environment
In other words, the scene of the painting is set in a specific atmosphere, and the background of a specific background color makes the picture completely out. For example, the "charming summer pasture" in Tianshan Mountain Scenery, the sunset and red light give the mountains, grasslands, yurts, cattle and shepherds brilliant warm colors, showing the richness and tranquility of a thousand miles of pasture and the joy of herders. The sunset and red light here are the background colors at dusk. In Landscape Talk, the scenery itself is plain when flowers are picked without peaches, but the young people in the tea house make the scenery worth nostalgia, which shows the lofty spirit of human beings to fill the natural poverty, highlights the people who have a full life in the world to get their hands on and dominate the scenery, and well embodies the theme of the article.
4. Contrast and contrast
The scenery in prose is sometimes difficult to express its unique charm by direct description, so the author often uses the method of contrast to make the music beautiful. For example, in green, the green shade of Meiyu Pool is suitable, the light and shade are moderate, the poplar in Shichahai, Beijing is too light, the green wall of Hupao Temple in Hangzhou is too thick, the waves in West Lake are too bright, and the water in Qinhuai River is too dark. Camel Bell in the Desert selects extremely monotonous plane images such as long yellow sand, noisy hot air and camel's dead bones, which are in sharp contrast with camel array, scarlet flag and sweet bell, making the realm full of vitality and exciting. In addition, "Scenery of Tianshan Mountain" uses the sun shadow to line the dense branches and leaves of the forest, the sound of water to line the quietness, the birdsong to line the depth, and the red light to line the darkness to show that the trees in Tianshan Mountain are tall and dense, and the same is true.
5. Imagination and association
Some scenery is ordinary, and there is no special attraction. The picture is static, and the thinking space that can be expanded is very small. However, the essayist can not be confined to the narrow space and time, but skillfully arranges to turn decay into magic and make the picture move and live. Here, imagination and association become the necessary treatment. In Moonlight on the Lotus Pond, the phrase "Suddenly Thinking of Picking Lotus" brought the author and readers from the Tsinghua campus to a remote water town in the south of the Yangtze River, and brought them to a picturesque and wonderful realm. It is with imagination and association that the author creates a poetic artistic atmosphere, which enables readers to get wonderful artistic enjoyment.
In addition, imagination and association are often manifested in quoting myths and legends. Because the pure scenery itself is mostly static and contemporary, while the ancient myths and legends have a sense of historical depth and richer connotations because of their long history and more magical romance. For example, Scenery of Tianshan Mountain reminds us of the tears shed by Kazakh girls from the natural lake, which not only points out the magic of the lake, but also compares misfortune and happiness, showing that the life of Tianshan herders has undergone earth-shaking changes. The goddess of Wushan in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, carrying Qu Yuan's big fish, climbing Mount Tai's shampoo basin in the rain, and swimming in the bay are also evidence.
Prose wins with scenery, moves people with emotion, and finds the key to enter the prose hall, which is indispensable for accurately understanding the meaning of the text. This is the role of mastering the prose description method.
All the above are posted with other people's answers or online experiences.
But personally, I really want to say:
Writing prose, like essays, needs inspiration or beautiful things you find inadvertently, but prose is more important than the description of feelings and things, and essays are a kind of thinking and thinking. I still think, don't look for it deliberately in life, but experience it inadvertently. With many common principles, gathering more will become an emotional rise, and naturally there will be things we want and want to write. Once written, you will find that this is a kind of beauty. In a word, I don't write for prose, but live for life and my own feelings. Naturally, there will be sentences and essays that you can't expect to touch yourself.
If you really want to get something in a short time, then read some beautiful sentences and articles, memorize them deliberately first, and then add them into your own things when you have your own feelings and things. If you can, you can also write down and summarize your favorite sentence paragraphs, or keep more diaries at ordinary times. The key is not to write deliberately, but to really want to write ~ ~ ~
In a word, with more feelings and longer thoughts, a good word O (∩ _ ∩) O ~ ~ ~