Content introduction editing
Alfred adler (1870) was born in the family of a millet merchant outside Vienna, ranking second. His family is rich, and his whole family loves music, but he thinks that his childhood life is not happy, and the reason for unhappiness comes from his brother. He feels that no matter how hard he tries, he can't catch up with his brother's grades. He grew up hunchbacked, and his brother's active jumping made him feel ashamed. He felt that he was small and ugly, and nothing was like his brother. Nevertheless, he is a friendly and easy-going child. At the age of five, he suffered from a disease that almost killed him. After his recovery, he decided to become a doctor. Later, he said that his goal in life is to overcome his childhood fear of death, and many of his psychological views can be found in his childhood memories.
Later, A. Adler entered the University of Vienna and obtained a medical degree at 1895. Two years later, he married Raissa Tinofejewna, an international student from Russia. Tinofijiawana is a domineering and eloquent woman, who is most concerned about the social revolution in her motherland. Her maverick personality is not in harmony with the conservative atmosphere in Adler's class. An Adler said in his memoirs: The matter of equality between men and women is much easier said than done. It can be seen that their marriage life may have some small frictions at first, but later they can respect each other and grow old together.
During his stay in Vienna, A Adler, like Viennese, often went to cafes to have fun, chat and joke with friends and students. He is friendly, modest and informal, so he can make friends with people of all religions.
An Adler once read the book The Interpretation of Dreams written by Freud, and he thought it made a great contribution to understanding human nature. At one time, he wrote an article in a famous journal in Vienna to defend Freud's point of view. As a result, Freund wrote to him and invited him to attend the seminar hosted by Freund. Some people think that Adler is a Freudian student, but this is a big fallacy. They are neck and neck. Although his views are very different from Freund's, he still joined Freund's Group in 1902. From then on, he became one of the * * * members of this group and was praised by freund. After inheriting Freund, he became the chairman of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society and the editor of Psychoanalytic Journal.
Beyond the cover of inferiority complex
From 65438 to 0907, A Adler published a paper on inferiority complex caused by defects and its compensation, which made him famous. He believes that inferiority caused by physical defects or other reasons will not only destroy a person, but also make him degenerate or suffer from mental illness. On the other hand, it can also make people angry, try to cheer up and make up for their weaknesses. For example. Demosthenes in ancient Greece had a stutter. After several years of hard training, he became a famous speaker. American President Roosevelt, who suffered from polio, became a household name because of his struggle. Sometimes, defects on the one hand will make people seek compensation on the other. For example, Nietzsche was weak, but he abandoned his sword and wrote an immortal philosophy of power. Examples like this are really numerous in history or literary works.
Previously, Freud had argued that compensation was to make up for the defects caused by the imbalance of sexual development. Influenced by Freud's theory, A. Adler put forward the concept of masculinity protection, arguing that both men and women have a strong desire to make up for their lack of masculinity.
Later, A. Adler realized that children's inferiority complex is always a common fact whether there is organ defect or not. Because they are weak, they must trust the life of adults, and their every move must be controlled by adults. When children use this sense of inferiority as an excuse to avoid what they can do, they will have a neurotic tendency. If this sense of inferiority persists in later life, it will constitute an "inferiority complex". Therefore, inferiority is not a symbol of abnormal condition, but a normal development process when individuals pursue superior status.
At this time, Freud regarded Adler's point of view as a great contribution to self-psychology, but felt that it did not talk about id and superego, and the so-called compensation function was only a function of self. At this time, A. Adler's viewpoint has not yet formed an independent system. However, when A. Adler claimed that compensation was his central idea, they were in the same boat.
At first, the two tolerated each other, but when Freund asked Adlerden's articles in his magazine to be checked by Jung first, they officially fell out. Freund wrote to the publisher of Psychoanalysis Magazine: Remove the name of Adler at the back of his magazine, or remove your own name! The Vienna Psychological Society has held many meetings for A. Adler's viewpoint. Because Freud and others insisted that A. Adler's point of view could not be seen in psychoanalysis school, A. Adler led a group of followers to withdraw from psychoanalysis society, while another group of "free psychoanalysis research society" called it "individual psychology".
After breaking with Freud, Adler abandoned Freud's pan-sexualism. He laughed at it as a superstition of sex and explained male worship with the concept of society. He does not deny the reality of subconscious motivation, but he attaches more importance to the role of self than Freudianism. He does not deny the importance of dream interpretation, but he thinks that dreams are a way to solve personal problems, rather than explaining everything with sex like Freud. For example, the occurrence of Odysseus complex, he also believes that history is just the dependence of spoiled children on their mothers. Sexual desire certainly exists, but it is the same as hunger and thirst. This biological factor can only enter the field of psychology when it pursues superior position.
19 1 1 year, the German philosopher Hans Vaihinger published a book called "Psychology as if", which immediately had a great influence on Adler's thought. Whitehunt believes that human beings live by some false goals that do not exist in reality. We think that the universe is a well-organized entity. Based on this wrong idea, we are doing all kinds of behaviors. Actually, the universe is out of order. We created a false God and pretended that he was a real person. Where is there an objective god in Kish? Although these things are false in experience, we don't doubt their authenticity, and our thoughts and behaviors are also influenced by them. Adler introduced this concept into psychology, especially the problem of causality. Freudians regard causality as a basic law of psychology, but an Adler saw something in Whitehunt's concept that could overturn Freud's view. He believes that it is the expectation of the future, not the past experience, that motivates human beings to make various behaviors. Although these goals are false, they enable human beings to make various behaviors according to their own expectations. Not only individuals often don't understand the purpose of their goals, but sometimes they don't even know what their goals are. Therefore, such goals often belong to the subconscious. One Adler called one of these false goals "self-ideal", through which individuals can gain a sense of superiority and maintain their self-dignity.
During World War I, a man named Adler worked as a doctor in the Austrian army. Later, I taught my children in an educational institution in Vienna. At this time, he found that his point of view not only applies to the relationship between parents and children, but also covers the relationship between teachers and students. His influence on teachers is profound and far-reaching. Many individual psychologists come from teachers who use their views in education.
1920 or so, an Adler is already very famous. In Vienna, he was surrounded by many students and followers, and he spent a lot of time with them. Then, he traveled around the world and gave speeches everywhere. 1926, he first arrived in the United States and was warmly welcomed. 1927 was employed as a professor at Long Island Medical College. The book Inferiority and Transcendence, published in the same year, mainly contains twelve main arguments, such as the meaning of life, body and mind, inferiority and superiority, early memory, dreams, the influence of family, the influence of school, adolescence, crime and its prevention, occupation, people and companions, love and marriage. The original title is what life should mean to you.
1934, an Adler decided to settle in the United States. The following year, he founded the International Journal of Individual Psychology. 1937, hired an Adler to give lectures in two cities. Due to overwork, he finally died of a heart attack in the streets of Aberdeen, Scotland.
A. Adler's works are rich. Inferiority and Transcendence was written in the most mature period of Adler's thought. Since psychoanalyst Freud advocated that all human behaviors can be traced back to "sex" based on the theory of universality, many psychoanalysts later put forward different opinions and made various amendments to Freud's theory of universality. These new ideas are collectively called "new psychoanalysis school", but Adler founded "individual psychology" centered on "inferiority complex" and became the founder of a school. He believes that human behavior is based on inferiority and overcoming and surpassing inferiority. This is the main idea of inferiority and transcendence. In this book, the author describes the image of inferiority and its influence on personal behavior in a relaxed style. And how individuals can overcome their sense of inferiority and turn it into the pursuit of superior position in order to achieve brilliant achievements.
Therefore, Inferiority and Transcendence is undoubtedly a good book for anyone who wants to overcome inferiority and succeed in life and career. I think it is undoubtedly of great practical significance for people who are active in this website to introduce this book here.
Author profile editor
character data
Adler 1870 was born in a middle-class Jewish family in the suburb of Vienna, but the rich family conditions did not bring him a happy childhood. In his memory, his childhood life was unfortunate and troublesome. He himself once said that his childhood was shrouded in fear of death and anger at his weakness. He ranks second among the brothers. He is short and ugly. When I was a child, I got rickets and my physical activity was inconvenient. He couldn't walk until he was four years old; Suffering from rickets again, unable to carry out sports activities. In front of his healthy brother, he always feels ashamed of himself, feeling that he is small and ugly, and nothing is like others. He was also run over by a car twice. At the age of five, he suffered from severe pneumonia, and even his family doctor gave him up. However, after a few days, the condition unexpectedly improved. He wants to be a doctor from now on. In later memories, he once said that his goal in life was to overcome his childhood fear of death. After entering school, his grades were poor at first, and the teacher felt that he was obviously incapable of other jobs, so he suggested to his parents that it was wise to train him as a shoemaker as soon as possible.
However, in some small things, we can still see his unwilling side. He once told himself a little thing: "I remember passing a cemetery on my way to school." Every time I walk through the cemetery, I feel scared, and I feel scared every step of the way. However, when I saw other children walking through the cemetery without paying attention, I felt very confused. I often feel sorry for being more timid than others. One day, I decided to overcome this fear of death and adopt a way to make myself strong. After school, I deliberately lagged behind other students, put my schoolbag on the grass near the cemetery wall, and then walked back and forth in the cemetery many times until I felt that I had overcome my fear. "In addition, Adler has always been a gregarious child, and the feeling of being accepted when playing with his companions makes him feel happy and satisfied.
Adler's viewpoint had a great influence on the later development of psychology. Many famous psychologists, such as Albert, Lewin and Maslow, expressed their love for him and his views. 1970 Maslow once said, "In my opinion, Adler is correct every year. With the accumulation of facts, these facts have given more and more powerful support to his views on human image. " In fact, Adler is considered as one of the pioneers of humanistic psychology.
The main work includes:
Personality of neurosis; Research on organ defects and their psychological compensation: understanding human nature; Practice and theory of individual psychology; Life science; The meaning of life to you; Transcend inferiority complex; "neurosis" and so on.
Adler is known as the founder of individual psychology, the pioneer of humanistic psychology and the father of modern self-psychology. The first psychological system against Freud in psychoanalysis changed from the biological-oriented id to the sociocultural-oriented ego psychology, which is of great significance to the later development of western psychology.
Directory editing
"Tao" and the pursuit of the meaning of life
The title page of Beyond Inferiority
Translator's order
The meaning of life
Three kinds of connections in life
The meaning of life
Childhood life situation
The first memories and dreams
Learn to cooperate.
2. Mind and body
Physical and mental interaction
The role of emotion
Mental characteristics and body types
Sense of inferiority and superiority
inferiority complex
Dominant goal
Four early memories
The key point of personality
Early memory and lifestyle
Dialysis early memory
Five dreams
The old view of dream interpretation
Freud's point of view
The viewpoint of individual psychology school
Analyze typical dreams
Detailed description of case
6. The influence of family
The role of mother
The role of father
Prefer and treat children equally.
The eldest son, the second son, the youngest son and the only son.
The influence of the school
Changes in educational forms
Teachers' duties
Cooperation and competition in the classroom
Student growth assessment
Talent and acquisition
Distinguish the types of children
The role of advisory meetings
Eight adolescence
Psychological and physiological characteristics of adolescence
Common adolescent problems
Sexual cognition in adolescence
Crime and its prevention
Understand criminal psychology
Typical case analysis
Importance of cooperation
reform an offender
Ten occupations
Balance three relationships.
Early training
Childhood interests affect career.
Other factors affecting career choice
solution
1 1 individuals and their companions
People try to strengthen cooperation.
Lack of social interest and communication failure
Social interests and social justice
Twelve love and marriage
Love and marriage are equal cooperative relations.
Premarital preparation
Ways of cooperation in marriage
The way of marriage harmony
Marriage and gender equality
Appendix Adler chronicle