Planting method of tomato
First, select suitable varieties and disinfect seeds, soil and air.
Sow in autumn and pick in winter and spring. Generally, middle and late-maturing varieties with plant height and fruit hypertrophy can be selected, and early-maturing self-capping varieties can also be selected, but the disease resistance is not as good as that of late-maturing varieties. Therefore, we should choose Israeli varieties suitable for local growth.
Disinfection of soil, seeds and air is the most basic disinfection work before sowing. These disinfection work can prevent or reduce the occurrence of diseases, reduce the use of drugs and drug damage, and is also one of the basic measures to produce pollution-free vegetables. The specific method is as follows: seed soaking with chemicals: soaking with 30% amobam 200 times solution or potassium permanganate or formalin 500 times solution for 65438 0 hours, and immediately putting the seeds into clean water after sterilization. You can also soak the seeds in 25% carbendazim solution for half an hour, and then rinse them with clean water. It can also be combined with formalin soaking and fumigation. The specific operation is to pre-soak the seeds in clear water for 3-4 hours, then pour the wet seeds into formalin (i.e. 40% formaldehyde solution) with a time of 100 for 15-20 minutes, take them out, wrap them in wet gauze, put them in a pot and seal them for 2-3 hours for fumigation and disinfection, and then rinse them with clear water.
Sterilized seeds can be placed at 25-30℃ to accelerate germination, and can be sown when more than half of the seeds turn white.
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Second, take comprehensive measures to cultivate disease-free seedlings.
Tomatoes are the same as cucumbers in solanaceae. Cultivating disease-free seedlings is an important measure to achieve high yield and high quality. On the other hand, if the seedlings are thin and tender, it is difficult to manage them in the later stage and it is difficult to obtain high yield. If you want to cultivate strong seedlings, you can focus on the following issues:
1, select nutrient soil, do a good job in nursery and sow in time. The fermented pigsty fertilizer was dried, crushed and sieved, and then mixed with the sieved sterile cooked soil according to the ratio of soil to fertilizer of 3:1(5M3 of nutrient soil in an 80-meter shed). Add 1 kg calcium superphosphate, 5- 10 kg Cao Dajie and 50% or 50% thiophanate to each cubic meter of soil fertilizer.
2. Master proper temperature and humidity to prevent seedlings from growing in vain.
The temperature during eclosion should be 25-30℃. After 70% of the seedlings are unearthed, the plastic film should be removed for outdoor airing, and the bed temperature should be kept at 20-25℃. After the cotyledons of seedlings are elongated, the bed temperature is 15-20℃, 1-2 true leaves, 25-30℃ during the day and 65438 at night. The seedling stage can be divided into1-1times. Basically, the seedlings are not watered before branching, and when they reach 2-3 true leaves after emergence, they are turned over for three times, each time about 1 cm. This method can be used if the one-time seedling separation method is adopted.
3, timely seedling division
2-3 true leaves are divided into seedlings. Row spacing 10- 13cm, plant spacing 10cm. When dividing seedlings, ditch the top of the prepared seedbed with a mud spoon, and the ditch should be shallow and vertical. A small amount of water should be poured with a water ladle, and the soil should be mixed with water and buried in the soil to maintain the original depth. Pay attention to the clean stems and leaves of seedlings, pour a small amount of water with a ladle, and bury the soil after mixing with water to keep the original depth.
After the emergence of seedlings, according to the weather conditions, the arch shed should be set up and the plastic film should be buckled, so that the bed temperature is 30-35℃ and the ground temperature is above 20℃, which is beneficial to slow down the growth of seedlings. At the same time, you can also use matrix plug seedlings, which has better effect.
4. Chemical control
Before dividing the seedlings, chemical control methods can be used to prevent the white growth of the seedlings. Generally, 50% chlormequat chloride stock solution (1ml) can be poured into the seedbed with 4-5kg of water, or chlormequat chloride with a unit concentration of 1-2kg/m2 can be sprayed once every 7- 1000PPM (valid for one month) for 3-4 times.
Third, actively prepare enough fertilizers and scientifically formulate fertilizers to lay a good foundation for high yield.
In addition to applying 6.5438+100,000 kilograms of high-quality ring fertilizer per mu, 30-40 kilograms of potassium sulfate or 200 kilograms of plant ash and 20-30 kilograms of diammonium phosphate are applied in combination with deep ploughing or ridging. In order to achieve high yield, 1500-2000 kg cake fertilizer can be applied per mu, but the cake fertilizer should be fully decomposed and fermented, and seedlings should be planted in the nest when combined with base fertilizer for a long time or transplanted, or topdressing should be done as soon as possible before flowering.
Fourth, timely planting to promote the early emergence of strong seedlings. When the height of seedlings is 20 cm, 6-7 true leaves or seedlings are 50 days old, timely planting in sunny days can make strong seedlings early. Generally, the following points should be paid attention to before and after planting:
1, Ridge planting: Ridge planting mode is adopted, that is, 70-80 cm for big row and 40 cm for small row, with ridge height 10- 15 cm, and two rows for each ridge, with 0.5-65438+ for each hole.
2. Before planting, the organic fertilizer should be fully decomposed. If you use cake fertilizer, you can mash the bean cake to the size of a brick, soak it in a jar for a few days, knead it with your hands until it is fermented in water, and foam it in the jar. After fermentation, pat in the nest, 0.4-0.5 kg per hole. If it is ring fertilizer, it can be wrapped in the ridge when it is ridged. No matter which method is used, diammonium phosphate or compound fertilizer should be added when ridging or planting, with 20-30 kg per mu. If diammonium phosphate or compound fertilizer is applied to the hole, cake fertilizer should be applied and fully mixed with the soil in the hole to avoid burning the roots. Pay attention to watering the seedbed in advance the day before transplanting, so as to dig a pile of 8- 10 cubic centimeters. When digging piles, you can't hurt the roots or scatter the piles, and the seedlings should be planted in different grades.
3. Avoid watering when setting fruit after planting and before planting. After planting, it is necessary to control the ground temperature above 20℃ and the air temperature at 30-35℃ to facilitate the slow growth of seedlings.
4. After planting, spray 300 times of Mamlan nutritional protective agent once, and then spray it every 10- 15 days. 5. Spray growth promoter or chlormequat chloride. After the slow-growing seedlings are planted, 1000PPM growth promoter (Fengchanling) can be sprayed twice, and the mixing method of the growth promoter is to mix 20 ml of the growth promoter containing 25% active ingredients with 50 kg of clean water;
When using chlormequat chloride, mix 50 kg of clean water with 50 ml of chlormequat chloride, spray once every 7 days, twice in total, and strictly control the drug concentration.
Fifth, strengthen technical management in the middle and late stages to promote early, large and fragrant fruits.
1. Determine the number of ears according to the density, and determine the fruit size according to the number of ears. You can leave 8- 10 ears per plant, not too many, and 3-4 fruits per ear. Only in this way can it help to promote growth and fruit. When pruning, the single stem pruning is generally adopted, and the bamboo buds are tied to the vines.
2. Pay attention to squatting seedlings after planting. After planting, the first inflorescence bears fruit, mainly squatting seedlings, which promotes the solid root system, promotes the control of lodging and lays a good foundation for high yield. Never water the soil if its water content is above 20%. In case of special drought caused by soil, air and other conditions, diammonium phosphate or compound fertilizer should be used for hydration, and each plant should be watered by floating 1- 1.5 kg.
3, where long-term cultivation, long-term cultivation, but pay attention to the big ridge in time to loosen the soil to prevent hardening. Deep ploughing without ridging can be carried out for many times, and the depth is 10- 15cm. It can improve the ground temperature and soil permeability. But pay attention to deep ploughing and don't hurt your roots.
4. Grasp the temperature and pour the water for the first time in time. When the first-grade walnut is big, the second-grade broad bean is big, and the bud of the third-grade walnut just blooms, stop crouching, start watering every 10- 15 days, combine with topdressing urea, and add carbon dioxide frequently per mu15-20kg each time. If the growth is vigorous, you can spray chlormequat or chlormequat appropriately. Before and after watering, keep the ground temperature above 20℃, and pay attention to the air volume should not be too large, so as not to affect the root growth.
5. Prevent fruit drop and abnormal fruit.
There are many factors that cause falling flowers and fruits. The main reasons are: the temperature is too high or too low; Insufficient light, water shortage, root injury and malnutrition. If it is caused by temperature, plant growth regulators can be used. Generally, 2.4-D pedicels with the concentration of 10-20 ppm are used, and the flowers that bloom on the same day are the best, from 9 am to 3 pm. In addition, 1 ml of 25% anti-falling agent can be sprayed on flowers with a catty of water. If it is caused by other circumstances, we should pay attention to sexually transmitted diseases, adjust soil moisture to catch up with fertilization outside the roots, and increase the application of carbon dioxide.
2.4-D flower stems should be brushed with a brush, not too heavy or too many times. In addition, attention should be paid to proper concentration to prevent abnormal fruits.
6. Comprehensive measures in full fruit period:
(1) Suitable temperature: the air temperature is 25-28℃ and the ground temperature is 24-25℃. Pay attention to the suitable outdoor time (until the ground temperature rises to a suitable temperature);
② The suitable soil moisture content is 20-25%, and it should be watered once every 10- 15 days;
(3) Sufficient illumination, frequent wiping of plastic film, early straw curtain pulling and late cover;
(4) Frequent application of carbon dioxide can end in May;
⑤ Spraying 300 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate once every 7- 10 days, or spraying 300-500 times of K 100 organic liquid fertilizer or 400 times of Schild liquid fertilizer for 7-8 times for 7- 10 days.
⑥ Spraying gibberellin (920) can also be used in high-yield greenhouses or nitrogen-deficient greenhouses to promote plant health and robust leaves, and spraying it once every 7- 10 days. Mixing each gram of gibberellin with 200 kilograms of water and spraying 0.5-2% urea for 4-5 times;
⑦ Use spray to control diseases before watering, and use chlorothalonil aerosol or dust method to control diseases after watering;
⑧ Remove diseased leaves and harvest the fruits to be ripened in time;
Pet-name ruby drugs used alternately, serious prevention and control of pests and diseases. Focus on the prevention and control of early blight, late blight, gray mold, virus disease, whitefly and aphid.
7. Let it ripen naturally without ripening, which is in line with pollution-free production, and the quality is quite good.